THE BATTLE 



GETTYSBURG. 










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THE 



Battle 



OF 



Gettysburg 



AN HISTORICAL ACCOUNT 



Philadelphia 

1885 



Copyrighted, 1885, 

by 

JOHN M. BUTLER. 



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PRESS OF 

LANE S. HART, 

Harrisburg, Pa. 



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JnY 



THIS little volume is issued in the hope that its pages and illus- 
trations will afford visitors to '^'^t+ysburg some insight into the 
great story of the most important battle of the late war. 
It is not intended that the narrative shall suggest the passions 
of the conflict, nor rouse in the least the bitter feelings which 
separated the men on Cemetery Hill from those on Seminary Ridge 
during the sad days of July, 1863. The story is told from the posi- 
tions held by the Army of the Potomac, simply because the Army of 
the Potomac proved the victor ; and the consistent aim has been to 
relate the plain historic truth. 

In compiling this volume, careful consideration was given to the 
accounts by the various Northern and Southern officers furnished in 
scattered papers; to "History of the Civil War in America," by the 
Compte de Paris; Bates's "Martial Deeds of Pennsylvania"; "Chancel- 
lorsville and Gettysburg," by Major-Gen. Abner^ Doubleday ; Southern 
Historical Society Papers; Greely's "American Conflict"; Col. Batchel- 

der's Accounts; Official Reports to the War Department; Professor 

(3) 



Jacob's "Eambles at Gettysburg"; "Three Months in the Southern 
States," by Lieut.-Col. Freemantle ; " Decisive Battles of the Civil War," 
by Swinton, etc., etc. Further, the reader is reminded by the compiler 
of the difficulties of preparing a narrative of so much interest and 
involving such great issues in so little space, and consideration is asked 
for the shortcomings of the story as related in the following pages. 

The compiler has not attempted a story of military criticism. 
Compiling the facts from what, on long investigation, seem the best 
sources, he has put together the story of the struggle without more 
reference to what ought to have been and what might have been than 
is necessary to make clear what was. Nothing has been attempted 
concerning any general's motive or conduct ; for such accounts, and for 
criticisms, the reader must turn to the military histories. 

WILLIAM RALSTON BALCH. 
Philadelphia, December, 18&1. 




'(^\)e ^l^adow of t^e ^wond. 




VERY day of the closing weeks of the 
spring of 1863 was a period of darkest 
shadow throughout the loyal States of the 
North, The cause of human freedom was 
at stake, and to its friends all the portents 
of disaster were at hand. Doubt, despair, 
distraction had held vigorous sway for 
months. The critical periods of the great 
contest had been reached, and the defend- 
ers of Union and Freedom watched 
s^ with bated breath the march of events. 
^ The future of the American continent 
and of the world lay trembling in the balance; 
the whole course of history seemed to hide itself 
within the folds of a near future. Statesmen 
looked forward with deep-hearted anxiety, and 

(5) 



6 



from the blackness before them took no comfort. The wise, supremely 
great, sad-souled Lincoln saw no shadow of rejoicing, save in the grim 
comfort of the recluse's hope — • 

Remember the words the old hermit doth say : 
'Tis always the darkest the hour before day. 

The night of the nation seemed interminable ; the dawn, after long 
hours of watching, was not apparent. No flush of rosy hope lightened 
the unbroken blackness of the vista. All was shadow. 

Let us record what cause there was for this. The war had been 
in progress for two years, and its bitter continuation had destroyed all 
illusions with which both parties had begun the struggle. The South, 
encouraged by early and brilliant successes, was now entrenched in the 
conclusion that the Xorth, unable to undergo heavy sacrifices for any 
lengthened period, would soon consent to the dismemberment of the 
federation of States, or to the formation of a new government that should 
guarantee the maintenance and expansion of slavery. The North had 
comforted itself with the idea that it had but a simple insurrection to 
deal with, which the first victory would suffice to crush. A single blow 
was to annihilate all spirit of resistance to the Government troops, and 
restore the Union in a jiassing of the sun, without eff^ecting any change 
in the Federal status, and without touching the social question which 
had just shaken this status to its. very foundation. The question of 
slavery, it was held, should be decided by the debates of peace, not by 
the conflict of arms. 

The many and costly victories obtained by the Confederate troops 
had undeceived the North in this regard ; there was no longer any doubt 
that it was war, in the fullest, most horrible meaning of that word. The 
battle-ground had been gradually widened from the first; the deep- 
seated causes of antagonism between the two sections had been devel- 




A CONFEDERATE SHARPSHOOTER. 



oped with irresistible force, in spite of the con- 
stitutional euphemisms which had hitherto con- 
cealed them. In issuing the great proclamation 
that emancipated millions of human beings, the 
President had been influenced much 
more by the provocations of slave- 
holders than by the pressure of the 
abolitionists. At 
the beginning of 
the year 1863, the 
question was, there- 
fore, clearly drawn 
between the gov- 
ernment at Washington and the government at Richmond. It was an 
irreconcilable struggle between two social conditions, thenceforth incom- 
patible under the same laws. The primal quarrel regarding State sov- 
ereignty had been forgotten. After having cleverly turned it to account, 
the iron hand of Jefferson Davis had crushed it in a network of a cen- 
tralized despotism a hundred times more powerful than the authority 
of Abraham Lincoln. With the abolition of State sovereignty, the South 
was compelled to fight upon the only issue it ever intended to carry 
into the uproar of battle — the right to own the black man. Theirs was 
not, then, a fight for a theory, but against loss of property, the second 
strongest motive extant. 

All the advantages of the existing military and political position 
were in the hands of the Confederates. During the two preceding years 
they had become inured to the hardships of war, and its terrors had been 
deprived of their power by contact. The gaps made in the ranks of 
the Southern soldiery had been promptly filled; and notwithstanding 
the extraordinary efforts of the Free States, the troops of the North were 



8 



everywhere in check. The year 1862 was brought to a close in the West 
by Sherman's disaster before Vicksburg and Grant's retreat, in the centre 
by the unfruitful battle of Murfreesborough, and in the East by Burn- 
side's disaster in front of Fredericksburg. The government of Jefferson 
Davis controlled one compact State, in spite of the size of the territory ; 
he was still master of the Mississippi and Richmond. His cause could 
not be said to be seriously damaged. And time was on his side. It was 
only necessary to maintain this position long enough. Could the Con- 
federate troops uphold their lines materially unimpaired for some 
months longer, they could be sure of accomplishing their original object 
— their independence. If the war should be prolonged without any deci- 
sive success, it was likely the North would acknowledge her weakness. 
There was always, also, the possibility of some unforeseen incident 
occurring to alter the course of events, and make a diversion in favor 
of the South, as so nearly happened in regard to the Trent affair. It 
was for this reason the South so persistently clamored for European 
recognition. This diplomatic act, in itself, would have made no change 
in their military condition, in the blockade which fettered their move- 
ments, or in the privileges enjoyed by their ships-of-war as belligerents; 
but it would have caused much irritation in the North, and perhaps 
finally involved it in a war with some of the powers of the Old "World. 
Such a result would naturally have been a boon to the Confederate 
cause. 

The political situation of the North in the spring of 1863 was as full 
of darkness to the Union leaders as was the fortune of the Union arms. 
Everywhere was felt the same growing despair. Those who thought 
that the South was indebted for success to the weariness of the war felt 
by the North, were very much elated over the situation. The restora- 
tion of the Union, simple and undefiled, without touching the question 
of slavery, had been the common programme which united men of the 



9 



most opposite views in a patriotic effort to sustain Mr. Lincoln. Time 
and the rude march of events having demonstrated this programme to 
be impossible, each party had resumed its own view of affairs, taking 
advantage of the proclama- 
tion abolishing slavery to 



put it in circulation. The 
Republicans unanimously 
joined the abolitionists in 
support of Mr. Lincoln. In 
opposition that gifted man 
found, with the same differ- 
ences as had been exhibited 
two years before, the War 
Democrats and the Peace 
Democrats. The "War Dem- 
ocrats, still pretending to 
fight for the restoration of 
the Union, were resorting to 
all sorts of expedients to 
conciliate the South while 
waging war against her, and 
debating the question of 
slavery without attempting 
a radical solution of it, ready 
to accept the most opposite 
propositions in order to gain this end — from gradual emancipation, 
extending to some remote undefined period, to the adoption of all the 
compromise measures which had vainly been proposed at the outbreak 
of the war. The Peace Democrats, who had been silent during the two 
years before 1863, were no longer afraid to speak. They taunted Mr. 




A. DAUGHTER OF THE SOUTH BEFORE THE WAR. 



10 



Lincoln for making war, and the War Democrats taunted him for having 
been beaten. 

The Peace Democrats, in the beginning of 1863, derived renewed 
strength and assurance from every fresh check to Northern arms, every 
additional tax upon Northern people, every new call for troops. The 
stringent measures adopted by the government at Washington against 
some of its political adversaries, the extreme burden of military rule in 
some sections, financial disturbance and disappointed ambition, brought, 
each day, some new recruits to this party, whose orators and spokes- 
men are the same who, in 1861, defended the right of holding public 
meetings, and who, calling themselves " men of action," were only 

prevented by physical force from 
making common cause, at that peri- 
od, with the men of the Southern 
States. 

The President was thus face to 
face with the darkest days of his 
administration. He had taken the 
step of emancipation with calm 
deliberation, not without a perfect 
knowledge that its immediate effect 
would be disastrous to himself But 
it was necessary. It was a final 
notice to those engaged in rebel- 
lion that every agency, every instru- 
mentality, would be employed by the Government in its struggle for 
preservation, now become supreme. It brought — as Mr. Lincoln 
intended it should bring — the seriousness of the contest to the hearts 
and consciences of the people in the disloyal States. He plainly 
warned them that everything was at stake, and that if they were 




THE GREAT HERO OF THE WAR. 



11 



unwilling to meet the trial with the courage and the sacrifice demanded, 
they were foredoomed to disaster, to defeat, to dishonor. He was aware, 
as we have said, that the policy was sure to encounter the disapproval of 
many who had supported him for the Presidency, and that it would be 
violently opposed by the great mass of the Democratic party. But his 
faith was strong. He believed that the destruction of slavery was 
essential to the safety of the Union, and he trusted with composure to 
the discerning judgment and ultimate decision of the people. If the 
Administration was to be defeated, he was determined that defeat should 
come upon an issue which involved the whole controversy. If the purse 
of the nation was to be handed over to the control of those who were not 
ready to use the last dollar in the war for the preservation of the Union, 
the President was resolved that every voter in the loyal States should 
be made to comprehend the deadly significance of such a decision. And 
with an assault in the loyal States, the Administration would, therefore, 
have as bitter an enemy in the rear as it was encountering at the front. 
The case was critical. Mr. Lincoln saw plainly that the Administration 
was not equal to the task of subduing two rebellions. While confront- 
ing the power of a solid South, he must continue to wield the power of 
a solid North. The situation at "Washington in May was perilous. 
A great and decisive victory was the need of the hour: it was needed to 
save the cause of Freedom. 

How was it at Richmond? The South was facing a situation of 
extremity. The finances of the Confederacy were ruined ; her paper 
was worthless ; conscription and impressment could alone fill up the 
ranks of her armies and feed them. The total number of those able to 
bear arms did not admit of any positive hope that the effective forces 
could be increased in the future: while famine, with consequent para- 
lyzation and death of everything, was near enough to be distinctly 
visible. A general oflScer would sometimes be reduced to the necessity 



12 




of abstracting a few handfuls of corn from the feed of his-horses, which 
he roasted, so as to add to his meagre allowance of food. 

The Confederate soldiers 
were, however, full of confidence 
in their superiority over the 
Federals, They were inured to 
hardships, and they were in- 
spired by enthusiasm born of 
magnificent leadership. The 
Army of Northern Virginia, vic- 
torious at Chancellorsville in 
spite of its numerical weakness, 
had been reinforced by the re- 
turn of Longstreet with three 
divisions ; and if it was not quite 
as strong as it was ten months before, it may be asserted that it had 
never been more formidable, more capable of a great efibrt. It was, too, 
quite ready to move. In the West, Grant was detained before Vicks- 
burg, whose defenses were considered impregnable. But the Secretary 
of War was aware that the resistance of this place was limited to the 
extent of its provisions, and that famine was hastening to the aid of the 
Union commander. 

South, therefore, it was of paramount interest to the Confederate 
Government to strike a decisive blow on the battle-field. It possessed 
the instrument in armies as perfect as could be desired ; while the 
difficulties in the interior, as well as the military considerations, made 
it a duty to risk everything in one desperate attempt to end the war by 
a great victory. 

North and South had both the need of this victory; both had 
great armies ready for the struggle ; both had legions of vociferous 



13 



interests that demanded a victory : one faced the appalling darkness of 
bitter defeats; the other, the appalling disaster of coming famine! 
The hour was ripe for history. 











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IN CAMP AT CULPEPP^B. 



^I^e invasion of tl^e Kortf). 



THE 8th of June witnessed, near Culpepper, Virginia, a martial and 
inspiriting sight. General Lee an- 1 his friends, the whole of 
Longstreet's Corps, were gathered to participate in a re\4ew of 
General J. E. B. Stuart's cavalry. Stuart, justly proud of his splendid 
force, had some weeks previous asked his commanding general to come 
with some friends and review it. Lee promised. On the night of June 
7th, 1863, that general, accompanied by the whole of the First Corps, on 
its way to invade the North, arrived at Culpepper. " Here I am," said 
Lee, to his dashing cavalry leader, pointing vrith his finger to the 
bivouacs of Longstreet's men, " here I am, A^dth my friends, according 
to your invitation." It was agreed that the following morning should 
witness the pageant. 
(14) 



15 



With the exception of some regiments away on outpost-duty, Stuart 

.ad all his command, nearly ten thousand thoroughly equipped men, 

assembled next morning on a lovely open plain. General Lee, motion- 

f less on his horse, his head covered with a broad-brimmed hat, occupied 

an elevated position near a pole, on which was flying a large Confederate 




^f^i^'j^;.'^-^ 



MONUMENT TO THB 106TH PENN'A, BATTLE-FIELD OP GETTYSBURG. 

flag. For the army assembled around him, this man, with a long gray 
beard, as wise as he was brave, of dignified mien, whose i)rofile stood out 
in fine relief under a dazzling sky, brought by his mere presence a cer- 
tain pledge of victory to the symbol of the Southern cause floating at 
his side. The simplicity of his attire, his immobile and serious coiin- 



16 



tenance, his thoughtful, maybe sad, expression, which indicated possi- 
bly his apprehensions of the coming trial, were in strong contrast with 
the brilliant uniform, the gay manner, the cheerful looks of Stuart, as 
he passed, sword in hand, with his brave and enthusiastic troopers. As 
if real war, with its sutferings and risks, was not enough, Stuart omitted 
none of the features which, in times of peace, constitute a sham fight, 
with its conventions and improbabilities, dashing headlong charges sud- 
denly stayed, cannonading against a fictitious enemy — for even powder, 
so precious in war, was not spared — while the distant sounds of this pre- 
tended battle reached the banks of the Rappahannock, to the astonish- 
ment of the Union scouts who were watching along the river. The 
pageant closed with a wild charge, halted almost within arm's-reach of 
the Confederate commander. Then the men were dismissed to their 
different stations, the parade and pomp were given up in favor of earnest 
war, and the troops were well on their way to invade the North. 

A week later, General Hooker made up his mind that Lee's purpose 
was that of invasion, which in a dispatch to President Lincoln he char- 
acterized as "an act of desperation on Lee's part, no matter in what 
force he moves." In consequence, the Army of the Potomac was put in 
motion, always with the object of covering Washington, while it found 
and fought the enemy. Lee's line of march was by the Shenandoah and 
Cumberland Valleys, and Harrisburg his objective point. This route 
possessed many advantages. Tlie mountain wall, which would of neces- 
sity intervene between the opposing armies, was a sure defense against 
the Union troops, for it was covered by dense thickets, and the roads that 
led through the gaps, and the gaps themselves, were easy to fortify and 
hold against a superior force. After attacking and defeating General 
Milroy at Winchester, the head of the Confederate column, commanded 
by General Jenkins, crossed the Potomac at Williamsport. Rodes's divi- 
sion, of Eweirs Corps, followed on the 22d, while Jenkins had pushed on 



17 



as far as Chambersburg. Longstreet crossed at Williamsport and Hill at 
Sbepherdstown on the 24th, and their columns united at Hagerstown the 
day following. Being now supported, Ewell pushed on and occupied 
Carlisle on the 27th. As soon as he reached Carlisle, Jenkins, with his 
2,000 cavalry, left for Harrisburg. On the 25th, Early was directed to 
occupy York, and operate in the direction of the Susquehanna at Wrights- 
vHle. Two days later Longstreet and Hill reached Chambersburg, and 
Ewell's two divisions occupied Carlisle. Jenkins was at Kingston, thir- 
teen miles from Harrisburg. The same night Early was in York. 

Meantime, Stuart, who had attempted to execute the movement he 
was so fond of, raiding and riding round the enemy, had failed in his 
purposes. After fighting a number of small engagements, he succeeded 
with great difficulty in crossing the Potomac at Drainsville, and the last 
of the invading army was on the northern side of the river. On crossing 
he found that one of his main objects — the detention of the Federal 
troops on the south side of the Potomac — was thwarted. He at once 
resumed his northward march. June 29th, Stuart was at Union Mills 
at evening. Hill's corps was at Fayetteville, with the exception of 
Heth's division, which was that day thrown forward to Cashtown, eight 
miles from Gettysburg. Longstreet was on his way to Fayetteville. 
Stuart was on his way to York. " All of the Confederate generals were 
concentrating their troops on Gettysburg, in obedience to an order of 
Lee's issued on the night of the 28th. As it is not pertinent to here 
discuss in detail the entire campaign, the itinerary of the Union army 
— which always held the inner circle, while Lee had the outer one — 
from the date of its movement until the night of the 29th, is given. It 
is as follows, and can readily be illustrated by reference to the map: 

June 5. — The Army of the Potomac, commanded by Major-General 
Joseph Hooker, was posted on the north bank of the Rappahannock 
River, confronting the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, under 
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'W^HINGTON 
IpiXaSDBIA. 



THE APPROACHES TO GETTYSBUEG. 



(18) 



19 



General E. E. Lee, mainly concentrated about the town of Fredericksburg, 
on the south bank of the river. The several corps of the Army of the 
Potomac were distributed as follows: First Corps (Reynolds's) in the 
vicinity of White Oak Church ; Second Corps (Couch's) near Falmouth ; 
Third Corps (Birney's) at Boscobel, near Falmouth ; Fifth Corps (Meade's) 
in the vicinity of Banks's, United States, and adjacent fords on the 
Rappahannock ; Sixth Corps (Sedgwick's) near White Oak Church, with 
the second division (Howe's) thrown forward to Franklin's Crossing of 
the Rappahannock, a little below Fredericksburg, near the mouth of 
Deep Run; Eleventh Corps (Howard's) near Brooke's Station, on the 
Aquia Creek Railroad ; and the Twelfth Corps (Slocum's) near Stafford 
Court-house and Aquia Landing. The 
Cavalry Corps (Pleasonton's) had two 
divisions in the vicinity of Warrenton 
Junction and one division in the neigh- 
borhood of Brooke's Station. 

June 6. — Howe's (second) division, 
Sixth Corps, went across the Rappahan- 
nock at Franklin's Crossing. Wright's 
(first) and Newton's (third) divisions 
were moved to the same point from 
White Oak Church, taking position on 
the north bank of the river. 

June 7. — Wright's (first) division, 
Sixth Corps, was sent across the Rappa- / 
hannock at Franklin's Crossing, reliev- 
ing Howe's (second) division, which 
returned to the north side. 

June 8. — The Cavalry Corps (Pleasonton's), consisting of Buford's 
(first), D. McM. Gregg's (third), and DuflS.e's (second) divisions, and 
the regular reserve brigade, supported by detachments of infantry under 
Generals Ames and Russell, moved to Kelly's and Beverly Fords, pre- 
paratory to crossing the Rappahannock on a reconnoissance toward 
Culpepper. 

June 9. — Newton's (third) division, Sixth Corps, relieved Wright's 
(first) division on the south bank of the Rappahannock at Franklin's 
Crossing. The Cavalry Corps, supported by Gen'ls Ames's and Russell's 




GEN. S. WYLIE CRAWFORD. 



20 

infantry, crossed the Rappahannock at Kelly's and Beverly Fords, fought L 
the enemy at or near Beverly Ford, Brandy Station, and Stevensburg, 
and recrossed the river at Eappahannock Station and Beverly Ford, 

June 10.— The Cavalry Corps took position in the neighborhood of 
Warrenton Junction. Its infantry-supports in the reconnoissance of the , 
day previous rejoined their respective commands. Howe's (second) \ 

from Franklin's Crossing to Aquia Creek, i 



division. Sixth Corps, moved from Franklin's Crossing to Aquia 

June 11.— The Third Corps marched from Boscobel, near Falmouth, 
to Hartwood Church. 

June 12.— The First Corps marched from Fitzhugh's plantation and 
White Oak Church to Deep Run ; the Third Corps from Hartwood Church 
to Bealeton, with Humphreys's (third) division advanced to the Rappa- 
hannock ; and the Eleventh Corps from the vicinity of Brooke's Station 
to Hartwood Church. 

June 13.— The First Corps marched from Deep Run to Bealeton; i 
the Fifth Corps from the vicinity of Banks's Ford, via Grove Church, I 
toward Morrisville; Wright's (first) and Newton's (third) divisions, 
Sixth Corps, from Franklin's Crossing to Potomac Creek ; the Eleventh 
Corps from Hartwood Church to Catlett's Station ; and the Twelfth Corps 
from near Stafford Court-house and Aquia Creek Landing, en route to 
Dumfries. McReynolds's (third) brigade of Milroy's division, Eighth 
Corps, marched from Bei-ryville to Winchester. 

June 14.— The First and Third Corps marched from Bealeton to 
Manassas Junction ; the Fifth Corps arrived at iMorrisville, and marched ' 
thence, via Bristersburg, to Catlett's Station; Wright's (first) and 
Newton's (third) divisions. Sixth Corps, moved from Potomac Creek to - 
Stafford Court-house; the Eleventh Corps from Catlett's Station to ' 
Manassas Junction, and thence toward Centreville ; the Twelfth Corps 
reached Dumfries. Tyler's command, of the Eighth Corps, fell back 
from ISIartinsburg to INIaryland Heights. I 

June 15. — The Second Corps (Hancock's- ) moved from Falmouth to 
near Aquia; the Fifth Corps from Catlett's Station, via Bristoe Station, 
to Manassas Junction ; the Sixth Corps from Aquia Creek and Stafford i 
Court-house to Dumfries ; the Twelfth Corps from Dumfries to Fairfax 
Court-house ; and the Cavalry Corps from Warrenton Junction to Union < 

* General Hancock assumed command of the Second Corps June 9, 1863, 
succeeding General Couch, who was assigned to the command of the Department of 
the Susquehanna. 



21 



Mills and Bristoe Station; the Eleventh Corps arrived at Centreville. 
Milroy's (second) division of the Eighth Corps evacuated Winchester 
and fell back to Maryland Heights and Hancock, Md. 

June 16. — The Second Corps marched from near Aquia, via Dum- 
fries, to Wolf Run Shoals, on the Occoquan; the Sixth Corps from Dum- 
fries to Fairfax Station ; and the Cavalry Corps from Union Mills and 
Bristoe Station to Manassas Junction and Bull Run, 

June 17. — The First Corps marched from Manassas Junction to 
Herndon Station ; the Second Corps from Wolf Run Shoals to Sangster's 




MONUMENT TO THE SECOND MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 



Station; the Third Corps from Manassas Junction to Centreville; the 
Fifth Corps from Manassas Junction to Gum Springs ; the Eleventh Corps 
from Centreville to Cowhorn Ford, or Trappe Rock, on Goose Creek ; and 
the Tvrelfth Corps from Fairfax Court-house to near Dranesville. The 
Cavalry Corps moved from Manassas Junction and Bull Run to Aldie. 

June 18.— The Sixth Corps moved from Fairfax Station to German- 
town, and the Twelfth Corps from near Dranesville to Leesburg. J. I. 
Gregg's cavalry brigade advanced from Aldie to Middleburg, and returned 
to a point midway between the two places. 



22 




S^^imk 




June 19. — The First Corps | 
marched from Herndon Station to 
Guilford Station ; the Third Corps 
from Centreville to Gum Springs ; 
and tlie Fifth Corps from Gum \ 
Springs to Aklie. Gregg's cavalry 
division, except JMcIntosh's bri- 
gade, advanced to Middleburg. 
Mcintosh's brigade moved from 
Aldie to Hajmarket. 

June 20.— The Second Corps 
moved from Sangster's Station to 
Centreville, and thence toward 
Thoroughiiire Gap; the second 
division (Howe's), Sixth Corps, 
from Germantown to Br is toe 
Station. 

June 21— The Second Corps 
arri^ ed at Gainesville and Thor- 
oughfare Gap. The Cavaby Corps 
(except Mcintosh's brigade of 
Gregg's division), supported by 
Barnes's (first) division, Fifth 
Corps, marched Irom Aldie and 
Middleburg to Upper\-ille. Mcin- 
tosh's cavalry brigade marched 
from Haymarket to Aldie, and 
thence to Upperville. Stahel's 
division of cavalry, from the de- 
fenses of Washington, moved 
from Fairfiix Court-house, via 
Centreville and Gainesville, to 
Buckland Mills. 

June 22.— The Cavalry Corps 
and Barnes's (first) division of 
the Fifth Corps returned from 
UpperviUe to Aldie. Stahel's 



23 



cavalry division moved from Buckland Mills, via New Baltimore, to 
Warrenton. 

June 23. — Stabel's cavalry division moved from Warrenton, via 
Gainesville, to Fairfax Court-house. 

June 24.— Ne^vton's (third) division, Sixth Corps, moved from Ger- 
mantown to Centreville, and the Eleventh Corps from Cowhorn Ford, or 
Trappe Rock, on Goose Creek, to the south bank of the Potomac at 
Edwards Ferry. Stahel's cavalry division moved from Fairfax Court- 
house to near Dranesville. 

June 25.— The Fu-st Corps 
marched from Guilford Station, 
Va., to Barnesville, Md. ; the 
Third Corps from Gum Springs, 
Va., to the north side of the 
Potomac at Edwards Ferry and 
the mouth of the Monocacy; 
and the Eleventh Corps from 
Edwards Ferry, Va., to Jeffer- 
son, Md. These corps crossed 
the Potomac at Edwards Ferry. 
The Second Corps marched from 
Thoroughfare Gap and Gaines- 
ville to Gum Springs. Howe's 
(second) division. Sixth Corps, 
moved from Bristoe Station to 
Centreville. Crawford's di\ision 
(two brigades) of Pennsylvania 
Reserves, from tlie defenses of 

Washington, marched from Fairfax Station and Upton's Hill to Vienna. 
Stannard's Vermont brigade, from the defenses of Washington, left the 
mouth of the Occoquan fw route to join the Army of the Potomac. 
Stahel's cavalry division moved from near Dranesville, Va., \aa Young's 
Island Ford on the Potomac, en route to Frederick City, Md. 

June 26.— The First Corps marched from Barnesville to Jefferson, 
Md. ; the Second Corps from Gum Springs, Va., to the north side of the 
Potomac at Edwards Ferry; the Third Corps from the mouth of the 
Monocacy to Point of Ptocks, Md. ; the Fifth Corps from Aldie, Va., via 




GENERAL JOHN W. GEARY, 



24 



Carter's Mill,, Leesburg, and Edwards Ferr,- to „;tv,- - 
the mouth of the Monoeaey, Md ■ the Silth V I " ""'"^ "'l^ 

and Centrerille to DranesrtUe Va • i^f "^ ^""^ Germantown' 

toMiddletown,Md.. theTw mlrn ""'/'T''"' ^"^ ^o™ ^^tfersonl 

Fe.,. to the -outh or"; M n::rra^^'^:i;''";;^'-^^^^^^^ 

M.^Ora..rd-s Penn3...a B^r rdTr.r:ir^1 

Md,iL^ s":nf co^rv^rnertrr/^'^^'^"" " ^^^O^-'^''- ■ 

BamesriUe, Md • the Third Po.. ^ ^"'^' "" ^<">^^^-ine, to , 
Middletow;, Md the mt c7 . '^"''* "' ^°*^' ™ J^*-> *« 
and the mouth of 'the Mo—t bX """r 't""° ^"""^'^ ^^^ 
Md, the SUth Corps frorCnt^.rvl " ' "d" ^"'"'* "'^' ' 
Poolesrille.Md, the Twelfth r^J^rr Edwards Feny, to near ; 

Via Point Of Eo'cks to KrxSrMrCod^"""'V'"''=*^°"<'^''«^' 
Leesbu,^, Ya., via Edwards FerJ to ^ea! Jeff ""f f '"^■""" ''""' 
cavalry di^iou from Leesbur/va^^ ^^ ""T""' '"- ""<' «■■«&"« 
erick City, Md StahePs e.v,?' "i- ^'^'"''■^ Terry, toward Fred- 

Ws' PennsS:!: ZZtZZ 1^00^ '"^' ^^''■ 
Edwards Feriy, to the mouth of the mIoI; Md '"^'' ^'''- ^"^ 

o«y rseirco;!tn"rrn:rt^ r ^""'^*-° '" — ^ 

Con,s* from Middletown to nerZi., ° "7"^ ^'"'='""' ' '"^ '^""■'i 
PoolesvUletoHyattstown theFI .^T' ' "-'"*'' Corps from near 
Frederiek; and thTTwe/fth Co T ^^ '""'' -^«'l'"'^f»'™ to near 
Buford. -valry d^^s n" ove;'Lr„el°?f ^ *" '"'^^"'^ «*^- 

^^.emonthofthl^lerSr^-:—^^^^^^^ 

c^yrEm^tt:: J;^te^-~:rm M^ '^t ^--* 

LJhertyaudJohnsville,to.ni„n.wn,th^e;rd^^^^^^^^ 

* General Sickles resumed command of the Thir^ o 
Barney, who had been temporarily in command ^'^"' ''""^'^"^ General 



25 

boro to Taneytown ; the Fifth Corps from Ballinger's Creek, via Frederick 
City and Mount Pleasant, to Liberty ; the Sixth Corps from Hyattstown, 
via New Market and Ridgeville, to New Windsor ; the Twelfth Corps from 
Frederick City to Taneytown and Bruceville; Gamble's (first) and 
Devin's (second) brigades, of Buford's (first) cavalry division, from 
Middletown, via Boonsboro, Cavetown, and Monterey Springs, to near 
Fairfield; and Merritt's reserve cavalry brigade, of the same division, 
from Middletown to Mechanicstown ; Gregg's (second) cavalry division 
from New Market and Ridgeville to "Westminster; and Kilpatrick's 
(third) cavalry division, formerly Stahel's division, from Frederick City 
to Littlestown. 

On the 30th, General Meade advanced his army nearer the Susque- 
hanna. The First Corps marched from Emmettsburg to Marsh Run ; the 
Third Corps from Taneytown to Bridgeport ; the Fifth Corps from Lib- 
erty, via Johnsville, Union Bridge, and Union, to Union Mills; the Sixth 
Corps from New Windsor to Manchester ; the Twelfth Corps from Taney- 
town and Bruceville to Littlestown ; Gamble's and Devin's brigades, of 
Buford's cav-alry division, from near Fairfield, via Emmettsburg, to 
Gettysburg ; Gregg's cavalry division from Westminster to Manchester ; 
and Kilpatrick's cavalry division from Littlestown to Hanover. Kenly's 
and Morris's brigades, of French's division, left Maryland Heights for 
Frederick City, and Elliott's and Smith's brigades, of the same division, 
moved from the Heights, by way of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, for 
Washington City. 

By dusk, on this day, Ewell's Corps had reached Heidlersburg, nine 
miles from Gettysburg, with the exception of Johnson's division, which 
was at Greenwood. Rodes's division had come direct from Carlisle, by 
way of Petersburg. Longstreet, with two divisions, was at Fayetteville, 
the other, Pickett's, was at Chambersburg, for the purpose of guarding 
the trains. Hill's Corps was at Cashtown and Mummasburg, except 
Anderson's division, which was still back at the mountain-pass on the 
Chambersburg road. 



20 



/ 



Buford, arriving in Gettysburg that night, threw out his pickets i 
almost to Cashtowu and Hunterstown, posting Gamble's brigade across 
the Chambersburg pike and De^iu's brigade across the Mummasburgj 
road, his main body being about a mile west of the town. } 

Meade was now fully aware of the purpose of the Confederate! 
leader, and he knew that the two armies were moving in such direc- \ ) 
tions as would bring them in immediate and desperate conflict. The , 
corps commanders were now afibrded the opportunity of addressing] 
their commands in conformity with ^leade's appeal. " The enemy are 
upon our soil; the whole country now looks anxiously to this army to 
deliver it from the presence of the foe ; our failure to do so will leave us 
no such welcome as the swelling of millions of hearts with pride and 
joy at our success would give to every soldier of this army. Homes, 
firesides, and domestic altai^s are involved. Corps commanders are 
authorized to order the instant death of any soldier who fails in his 
duty at this hour." 

It was the night before the battle. A world was waiting the > 
result ! 







^\)e Oombatants considered. 



ONE day, in the third week of May, 1863, General Lee addressed a 
demand for rations to the chief of the Confederate Bureau of 
Subsistence. The reply came : " If the General wants provisions, 
let him go and look for them in Pennsylvania." 

This answer was in strict accord with popular Southern sentiment 
and the feeling of the Confederate President. In answer, General Lee, 
on the 3d of June, 1863, put his army in motion. The future of 
America was about to be decided forever. 

That this invasion was in accord with Lee's own thoughts can well 
be believed when Lee's words to Heth, sj^oken after the battle, are 
recalled : "An invasion of the enemy's country breaks up all of his 
preconceived plans, relieves our country of his presence, and we sub- 
sist, while there, on his resources. The question of food for this army 
gives me more trouble and uneasiness than everything else combined; 
the absence of the army from Virginia gives our people an opportunity 
to collect supplies ahead. The legitimate fruits of a victory, if gained 
in Pennsylvania, could be more readily reaped than on our own soil. 
We would have been within a few days' march of Philadelphia, and the 
occupation of that city would have given us peace." 

Lee's present army could hardly be said to resemble the brave but 
undisciplined soldiers that had defended the Manassas plains two years 
before. Through its organization and discipline, its experience in fighting 
and marching, it had become far superior even to what it was when, a 
twelvemonth back, Lee had led it into Maryland for the first time. The 
extreme confidence that animated it imparted to it immense strength 
on the field of battle, and inspired it with a most imprudent contempt 
for its adversaries. The laurels of Chancellorsville had hardly been 

(27) 



28 



awarded, before the Government and Generals had applied themselves 
with energetic enthusiasm, to the task of reinforcing and reorganizing 
this fine post. The return of the three divisions under Longstreet, the 
forwarding of new regiments which had been withdrawn from points of 

least importance, and the arrival 
of a large number of new recruits, 
brought up the effective force of 
the Army of Northern Virginia, 
at the end of May, to 80,000 men, 
62,352 of whom were infantry. 
Up to this time the nine 
divisions of Lee's army had been 
divided between Longstreet and 
^ Jackson. To both of these com- 
manders their chief allowed great 
freedom of action over the whole 
extent of battle-field where each 
happened to be in command. 
Jackson's untimely death com- 
pelled Lee to give more personal attention to the management of 
battles, and in order to do so successfully he found it necessary to reduce 
the size of his army corps, in order to render them more manageable. 
He therefore divided his nine divisions into three army corps, each con- 
taining three divisions. The first was given to Longstreet, the second 
to Ewell, and the third to A. P. Hill. Each of these three was commis- 
sioned as a Lieutenant-General. If these last two officers, to recall the 
comparison made after the death of Turenne, were the small change for 
Stonewall Jackson, it might be said with truth that the minor coins 
were of sterling value. 

No one remembering Ewell's brilliant debutj when, with Kearney's 




I 



GENERAL ROBERT E. LEE. 



29 



gallant squadron, he impetuously charged the gate of Mexico, in 1847, 
could dispute to him the honor of succeeding the lamented Jackson at 
the head of the Second Corps. He had the required energy, firmness, 
and activity to be the leader of soldiers who, knowing their own value, 
were severe judges of the qualities possessed by their chiefs. The com- 
mander of the Third was, like Ewell, a Virginian. Gifted' with a degree 
of perseverance equal to any emergency, he was always ready to take 
charge of the most difficult undertakings, and inspired his chiefs, his 







MONUMENT TO BATTERY B, IST PENNA. LIGHT ARTILLERY. 

comrades, and his subordinates with equal confidence. His force of will 
overcame the weakness of a shattered constitution, which had emaciated 
his manly face. He was never sick on the day of battle. Of Long- 
street's consummate abilities, and of the great and gifted Lee, it is not 
necessary here to speak. 

After reorganizing the infantry, Lee turned his attention to the 
artillery. Up to this time the batteries were divided between the divi- 
sions, sometimes even specially attached to some particular brigade. 



30 

This resulted in a miserable scattering of strength upon the field oiy 
action. They M'ere all now placed under the command of General Ten- 1 
dleton, a brave and energetic officer, who had been tested under fire. 
Some of these batteries formed an independent reserve; the rest, while ( 
still remaining under his control, were assigned temporarily to the army 
corps. The artillery consisted of fifteen battalions of sixteen pieces-four 
batte: ies of four pieces each to a battalion. These battalions, commanded 
by experienced officers, while remaining under the controlling direction 
of Pendleton, were divided between the three corps, each receiving five 
battalions, or eighty pieces. Three of the battalions were each specially 
attached to a di%ision, while the remaining two formed a reser^-e. Five 
mounted batteries of six pieces each composed the light artillery of I 
Stuart's cavalry division, which had been reinforced and newly mounted. ' 
This was the force of the invaders— this the army put forth by the Con- 
federacy to strike the great blow that was to end the war and to over- 
whelm the North. It was indeed a great army ! 

The opposing force, constituting the Army of the Potomac, could not 
be spoken of with the same admiration. Its ranks, since the disaster at 
Chancellorsville, had thinned out in a most disastrous manner. Over five 
thousand well-tried men left during May, at the close of their service, and 
ten thousand more found their time out in June. The distresses of the 
campaign and the heat of the weather largely increased the number of 
the sick, desertions were numerous, and recruiting was at a standstiU. 
These causes reduced the active infantry to about 80,000 men. The artil- 
lery was too numerous and out of proportion to these figures, the cavalry, 
worn out ^vdth Stoneman's raid, was sadly in need of rest. General Hal- I 
leek was distrustful of Hooker, and in consequence the Washington gov- 
ernment was a hindrance rather than a help to the plans and ambitions 
of the Army of the Potomac, which was therefore not in first-class con- t 
dition when the first information of Lee's plan to invade the North reached 
the ears of the Union commander. 



^\)e Battle-Pield. 




EFORE entering upon the account of the 

battle, a word as to the scene of the conflict 

— the condition of the theatre of the strife — 

as Lee and Meade found it, the morning their 

two hundred thousand met to make history. 

The end of June, 1863, had been rainy, 

with frequent storms, which, while imparting 

the freshness of spring to the leaves of the 

forest and the grain in the meadows, had at 

the same time somewhat broken up the roads 

over which the combatants of both armies were 

marching in close column. Idly they passed 

on, heedless as to whether that day would be 

tlieir last on earth. With the carelessness of 

the soldier, too familiar with the risks of war 

to ponder very long over them, they marched 

forward between the meadows 

full with billowy grain, and 

past the orchards rich-laden 

with the promise of the Fall. 

The country through which they were talking their way is for the 

most part gently rolling. The irregularities of the ground are due to 

the prevalence of rocky ridges lying parallel to its general direction, 

sometimes emerging from the soil in steep ragged notches, resembling 

(31) 



32 



ruined castles or fantastic pyramids. "When the force which folded 
up and raised the strata," says Professor Jacobs, in his " Later Rambles i 
at Gettysburg," "which form the South Mountain was in action, it 
produced fissures in the strata of red shale which covers the surface oft 
this region of country, permitting the fused material from beneath to 
rise and fill them, on cooling, with trap dykes or greenstone and syenitic . 
greenstone. This rock, being for the most part very hard, remained as 
the axes and crests of hills and ridges, when the softer shale in the 

intervening spaces was exca- 
vated by great water-currents 
into valleys and plains." 
Science thus accounts for the 
rock -formations on the battle- 
field of Gettysburg : the huge 
boulders, which in a super- 
stitious age may well have been 
regarded as the sport of giants. 
A hard-working population 
settled upon this fertile land 
had almost cleared it, so that 
the woods and rocks only con- 
stituted isolated points of sup- 
port in the centre of a territory 
suited for deploying armies and the evolutions of artillery. The streams 
traversing this section were, at the time of the battle, quite insignificant. 
The principal ones, Willoughby Run and Rock Creek, pursue a parallel 
course from north to south, one west and the other east of Gettysburg, 
emptying themselves lower down into Marsh Creek. The banks of 
these two resemble each other. Covered with woods, those of Rock 
Creek exemplify its name, and are covered with rocks which rise as 




THADDEUS STEVENS, THE GREAT COMMONER. 



33 



high as one hundred and twenty and even one hundred and fifty feet 
above its bed. Those of Willoughby Run are not so high nor so steep, 
and are less vs^ooded. The battle-field is comprised between the right 
bank of Rock Creek and the left bank of Willoughby Run. 




THE GEAVE OP JAMES GETTYS, CEMETERY HILL. 

The hills that are met upon the ground in between may be divided 
into two groups, disposed in analogous fashion, whose formation reveals 
the geological law common to the whole region. Each group forms a 
combination of three ridges, starting from a common point, alike in 
elevation and abruptness. The central ridge, the highest and longest, 



34 



follows a southerly direction; another, equally straight but less elevatedj 
south-southwestward; the third, extending east-southeastward, is shortf 
and spht into two sections, as if, by the general direction in the upheav-' 
-g of the ground, it had been thwarted in its formation. The startin.-l 
point of the first group is a ridge situated one and a quarter miles, 
northwest of Gettysburg, in the direction of Mummasburg. It was 
onginally called Oa. Kidge or Oak Hill, on account of a thick forest 
of oaks that covered it. It is perhaps better known as Seminary Hill J 

or Seminary Ridge, from the fact ^ 
that a Lutheran seminary is I 
located upon the apex of the] 
ridge. Following the most popu- ' 
lar title, it will be referred to in ] 
these pages as Seminary Ridge. 
Its central ridge is about two 
miles long and very narrow, with ° 
considerable elevation for two- 
thirds of that distance. The 4 
^southwestern ridge is, at first, 
only separated from the one last 
mentioned by a narrow strip of 
. ^ ^^^<J' ^vliich deepens in proportion 

as the ndges diverge. It borders the course of Willoughby Run The 
third ridge consists of several round hillocks, which gradually decreaae 
in size as fur as Rock Creek. 

The second group of three ridges is situated southeast of the first 
Its starting-point is twenty-eight hundred yards from Seminary Ridge' 
It bears to-day the name it carried then-Cemetery Hill, because of the 
evergreen cemetery that crowned its summit, .ithin which slept James 
Gettys, the founder of the town. By what now seems an ominous fore- 






GENKRAL ZOOK'S MONUMENT. 



35 



thought, it was placed where so many were to perish at once, when a day- 
was to fill the limit of its graves. This rock-girdled hill rises abruptly 
ahout eighty feet above a large valley, which is watered by Stevens Run, 
a small stream that flows from west to east, and connects with Eock 
Creek. The town of Gettysburg is situated in this valley, oyi the south 
side of Stevens Run, its streets rising in gentle declivities to the base 
of Cemetery Hill. The principal ridge, which starts from this point 
in a southerly direction, soon 
decreases in size; the rocks, to 
a great extent, disappear; the 
slopes, bare at the west, become 
less rugged on this side. At the 
east, on the contrary, the bed of 
Rock Creek deepens still more 
rapidly, between declivities that 
are covered with thick woods. 
At a distance of sixteen hundred 
yards from the extremity of 
Cemetery Hill, the line of eleva- 
tion has lessened by about 
twenty yards ; then it rises again 
to the length of two-thirds of a 
mile, to terminate at last in the 
two hills so widely known now— the Round Tops. They command 
all the surrounding country. That farthest south, the higher of the 
two, is Big Round Top, two hundred and ten feet above the Gettysburg 
town level, and almost four hundred above Plum Run, the small marshy 
stream that flows sluggishly at its western base. Connected by a narrow 
defile with Big Round Top is Little Round Top, distant five hundred 
and fifty yards, and not so high by one hundred and five feet. Opposite 




GENERAL DAVID B. BIRNEY. 



36 

these two, on the western bank of Phim Run, the ground-not so high* 
but as wild and steep as the Round Tops-rises to the crest of th^i 
Devil's Den: named, possibly, from the ominous character of its rocks; 
with their hard and ragged faces, and the gloom of their deep recesses!^ 
In between the Devil's Den and the Round Tops the valley is called 
the Valley of the Shadow of Death. Such indeed it proved ! 

One more ridge is necessary to notice, possessing steep acclivities on 
the north; presenting the same features as the Round Tops, connecting 
Cemetery Hill with the wood-covered rocks of Gulp's Hill. From here 
it suddenly decreases in altitude without losing any of its steepness, and 
inclines toward the south by following the course of Rock Creek. 

The town of Gettysburg is naturally the Mecca of all roads travers- 
ing this section of the country. At the north, three roads leave the town : 
the first, to the northwest, leading to Mummasburg; the second, to the 
north, to Carlisle; the third, to the northeast, to Harrisburg. Tlie old 
Hanover Railroad approaches the town from the east, following the right 
bank of Stevens Creek. West-northwestward runs the turnpike and a 
common cross-road which, at the west-southwest, runs in the direction of 
Fairfield and Hagerstown, crossing Marsh Creek at the ford called Black 
Horse Tavern. As at the north and west, three roads start south and 
two east of Gettysburg. The latter are those of Hunterstown north- 
eastward, and of Hanover southeastward, which Early followed in his 
march upon York. The highways southward are, in the first place, 
the Baltimore turnpike south-southeast, which, on leaving Gettysburg,' 
ascends the summit of, and crosses. Cemetery Hill; then at the south ^ 
the Taneytown road, which crosses the battle-field, leaving the Round 
Tops on the right; and finally the Emmettsburg road, which also crosses 
the battle-field to the south-southwest, and leaves the Round Tops, and i 
the Peach-Orchard, and the Wheat-Field on the left. 

Such is the ground upon which unforeseen circumstances brought the 



37 



I two armies in hostile contact. Neither Meade nor Lee had any personal 

' knowledge of it, and if by examining the maps they had some idea of the 

I importance which the combination of ten roads and one railway imparted 
to Gettysburg, they had no information concerning the strong positions 

I that nature had created all around the town. Ewell and Early, who 
passed through the town a few days previous to the great bkttle, do not 

I appear to have sent any word to Lee concerning it ; and Buford, who, 
when he arrived on the evening of the 30th, gleaned at a glance the 
decided advantages of the position, did not have time to furnish Meade 
with any information. So the chieftains fought, on strange ground, the 

I greatest battle of the war. When their troops saw it in the early morn- 
ing hours of July 1st, the beautiful country was strongly surcharged 

i with warm vapors that the sun found it difficult to dispel, while its 
slanting rays, piercing through heavy opaque clouds, flashed over the 
long and solid wall of South Mountain, the lofty barrier framing the 
western horizon. The scene was one of serene peace. 




^be First Ba)/.=July 1 , 1 868. 



Summary of Points : First. The battle begins on Seminary Ridge, about 
9 A. M., with an engagement between Heth and Buford. Second. Engagement 
between the divisions of Heth and Pender, of the Confederate army, and the First 
Corps of the Federal army. Third. Death of General Reynolds. FouHh. Engage- 
ment between the divisions of Heth, Pender, Rodes, and Early, of the Confederate 
army, and the First and Eleventh Corps of the Federal army. Fifth. Repulse of the 
Federals, abandonment of Seminary Ridge, and occupation of Cemetery Hill; 
occupation of Gettysburg town by the Confederates. Sixth. Duration of the active 
fighting, a little less than seven hours. 








vVadsworth's division. Buford 
to his command. Kress said: 

(38) 



FEW minutes before nine o'clock on 
July 1st, Lieutenant-Colonel Kress, 
of General Wadsworth's staff, rode 
slowly into Gettysburg, ambling along 
on his chestnut charger, in no haste 
to accomplish his business, and avoid- 
ing the now active sun wherever the 
trees afforded a friendly shelter. 
Directing his horse to the nearest 
tavern, he found General Buford in 
front of the door, surrounded by his 
staff. The gallant cavalry general 
turned to him and said : " "WTiat are 
you doing here, sir?" Kress replied 
that he came to get some shoes for 
told him he had better return at once 
"Why, what is the matter, general?" 



39 



At that moment the far-off sound of a single gun — dull, prolonged, 
ominous — floated to them on the wings of the western breeze, Buford 
hastily mounted his horse, and, as he galloped off, answered the question 
of Kress : " ThaVs the matter ! " A few seconds later, three cannon-shots 
were heard. Buford signals for his skirmishers to fire.- They deliver 
a volley, and the battle of Gettysburg has begun. 

Having satisfied himself the night before that he was about to be 
attacked, Buford was early in the saddle on this fateful day, placing the 
finishing touches upon his preparations to meet the foe. He had arranged 
his small force quite imposingly. Indeed, had he had at his command 
the half-million of troops that a farmer's wife, in reply to a Confederate 
officer's inquiry, declared were in Gettysburg, he could hardly have 
made a better showing. It was not only imposing, but it was far better — 
it was effective ; for, when the Confederates attacked, " booming, skir- 
mishers three deep," as Buford had predicted the night before, they met 
a stubborn and admirably-directed resistance. 

His skirmish-line extended from the point where the Millerstown 
road crosses Willoughby Run, following the somewhat tortuous bluff 
bordering the left bank of that stream across the Chambersburg way, 
and thence around, crossing the Mummasburg, Carlisle, and Harrisburg 
pikes, and the railroad. On a ridge running parallel with Seminary 
Ridge, and half a mile from it, was posted the balance of his forces, 
dismounted. Covering the roads on which the enemy was first expected 
to advance were planted the guns of his light batteries. It was with 
this disposition of his forces that the fight was opened. 

Buford's men for the most part fought dismounted. This caused 
the Confederates to suppose them to be infantry, and, in consequence, 
Heth's division of E well's Corps, which precipitated the attack in an 
attempt to seize Gettysburg, moved tardily. A constantly increasing 
skirmish-fire was maintained for half an hour, when the artillery arrived 



40 

to support Heth's men, and it at once opened with spirit. The guns of 
Buford made a prompt response, and were served with so much skill as 
to completely preserve the delusion that he was well supported. The 
fury of the fight increased' every moment, and the gallant Buford was 
soon aware that the weight of numbers would shortly force him to fall 
back to Cemetery Hill, for which he had prepared. But not an inch 
did he yield; hope told the flattering tale that reinforcements would 

soon be up. In his direst ex- 
tremity, when every minute, 
every second counted, just as his 
heart sank the lowest. General 
Reynolds arrived, about a mile 
in advance of his corps. As soon 
as he had reconnoitred the fiela, 
he requested Buford to hold fast 
to his position, and said he would 
bring up the whole right wing of 
the army. He immediately sent 
dispatches in accord with this 
determination, and started to 
rejoin his now advancing men. 
Cutler's brigade, of Wads- 
worth's division, led the advance 
of the supporting column. Three 




PRELIMINARY POSITION, FIRST DAY 



regiments of this brigade, the 76th and 147th New York, and the 
56th Pennsylvania, went, under Wadsworth, to the right of the line, 
facing westward, north of the bed of the old unfinished railroad. 
The two remaining regiments, the 95th New York and the 14th 
Brooklyn, with Hall's Maine battery, Reynolds took to the south 
of the railroad grading, and placed them on a line with, but a little in 



41 



advance of, the other regiments, the battery occupying the pike. As the 
infantry moved np, the cavalry retired. The regiments to the right of 
the cut had hardly reached their positions before they vrere heavily 
engaged. The force of men employed in exerting this pressure was the 
newly -placed regiments. They overlooked the west bank of Willoughby 
Run. Their artillery occupied the commanding points of the bluff. 

While the attack on Cutler's brigade was in fierce progress, and the 
roar and rattle of musketry and cannon rose and fell like the irregular 
thunder of waves in a storm, General Doubleday arrived on the ground 
with the two remaining divisions of the First Corps. General Reynolds 
directed him to hold on to the road leading to Fairfield or Hagerstown, 
while he (General Reynolds) would maintain the possession of the 
Chambersburg pike. 

There was a piece of woods between the two roads, triangular in 
shape, the base resting on Willoughby Run and tJie apex reaching up to 
Seminary Ridge, which seemed to Doubleday the key to the position. 
He made immediate arrangements to secure it, and not a moment too 
soon, as the enemy, appreciating the advantages of the spot, were 
already moving across Willoughby Run to attempt its possession. As 
the men filed past, Doubleday urged them to hold the woods at all 
hazards. Full of fight and enthusiasm, they replied to their commander: 
"If we can't hold it, where will you find the men who can?" The 
answer was justified, for it was given by the men of the Iron Brigade, 
and they Avere commanded by Colonel Morrow, of the 24th Michigan 
volunteers. As the Iron Brigade went in on one side, Archer's brigade, 
preceded by a skirmish-line, went in on the other. Hardly had the two 
brigades locked horns in a discharge of their muskets, before the charge, 
led by the 2d Wisconsin, under Colonel Fairchild, swept suddenly and 
unexpectedly round the right fiank of Archer's brigade, and captured a 
thousand prisoners, including Archer himself. The surprise of Archer's 



42 



men was complete, for they supposed they were contending with militia- 
men hastily organized in the fright of the North at the actualities of 
invasion. Wlien the Iron Brigade appeared, however, and Archer's men 
recognized their old antagonists, with the peculiar hats, a cry went up: 

"There are those 
damned black-hatted 
fellows again! 'Tain't 
no militia. It's the 
Army of the Potomac ! " 
Just as tlie Iron 
Brigade charged so gal- 
lantly, occurred one of 
the saddest incidents of 
that sad field— the death 
of General Eeynolds. 
This great and gallant 
soldier was on his horse, 
at the edge of the 
woods, surrounded by 
\ his staff. Naturally 
1 anxious as to the result, 
\ ) he turned his head fre- 
]_^^ \ quently to see if the 
/ ^^v/ troops were coming. 
\^''A^ / I While looking hack in 
,"> -^/ this Avay, one of the 

enemy's sharpshooters 
shot him in the head, 
the bullet entering the back of the head and coming out near the eye. 
He fell dead instantly, and never spoke a word. It was a few minutes 




43 



before 11 A. M. In the choice vigor of his full manhood, in the fullness 
of a well-earned military fame, perished this hero upon a field which 
his genius had fixed for the determination of one of the great and 
decisive conflicts of the world. Yet, as General Meade said: "Where 
could man meet better the inevitable hour than in defense of his native 
State, his life-blood mingling with the soil on which he first drew 
breath ? " 

The death of Reynolds threw the command and the responsibility 
upon Doubleday. His first duty was to repair the damage inflicted on 
j the right of his line, where Cutler's brigade had been driven back toward 
the town. The reserve, under Lieutenant-Colonel Dawes, with the 
assistance of Fowler's two regiments, accomplished the check of the 
enemy, drove a number of the enemy into the railroad cut, where they 
surrendered. This successful assault, while relieving Cutler's brigade 
from pursuit, also released the 147th New York, which, by the inroad of 
the Confederates, had been surrounded. It also enabled Doubleday's 
men to regain the gun lost by Hall's battery, and to reform the line 
where General Reynolds had placed it. The two regiments of Cutler's 
brigade were brought back from the town, and resumed the fighting with 
great gallantry. 

There was now a lull in the combat. Heth was reorganizing his 
shattered front line, and Doubleday was waiting the arrival of more 
troops, pending the renewed onslaught. The Federals did not have long 
to wait. Pender's division, which had not yet been engaged, was now 
deployed, during which mancBuvre the two remaining divisions of the 
First Corps, Rowley's and Robinson's, arrived on the field. The engage- 
ment was promptly renewed, and soon the courage and fighting character 
of the Bucktail brigade was offered the gage of proof It was com- 
manded by Colonel Stone, and fought with conspicuous bravery. 

He was hardly in position before a new danger threatened. Ewell, 



!l 



44 



with Stonewall Jackson's veterans, arrived. Deploying their skirmishers 
first on the Hunterstown road, they gradually pushed into every nook 
and comer where they could come unobserved on the Union line. 
Devin's brigade of cavalry faced them with determined signal courage. 
Never was a line of cavalry put to severer strain. The ground whereon 
it stood was open, with no advantageous positions from which to fight. 
But, taking advantage of every particle of fence, timber, or rise in front, 

the handful of Devin's men 
managed, with singular pluck, 
to temporarily arrest the prog- 
ress of the veterans in gray. 

General Howard arrived in 
advance of his corps, about 1 
P. M., and, ranking General 
Doubleday, he assumed com- 
mand. The latter took com- 
mand of the First Corps, that of 
the Eleventh being turned over 
to Carl Schurz, who now had 
three divisions under him, com- 
manded by Generals Von Stein- 
wehr. Barlow, and SchimmeJt 
pfennig. Von Steinwehi 

PBEHMINARY POSITION, FIRST DAY. . , ^ ^^ V 

promptly occupied Cemeterv 
Hill with his division and the artillery, in accordance with an order ol 
Reynolds. Barlow and Schimmelpfennig brought their men forwarc 
and relieved the gallant but sore-pressed men of Devin's brigade, whcj 




so valiantly were obstructing Swell's march. Barlow extended his me 
round to the right as far as Rock Creek. Schimmelpfennig posted his 
to the left until they almost touched the right of the First Corps oni 
Seminary Ridge. 



I 



45 



The divisions of Pender and Heth were by this time developed to 
their full strength, and they faced the First Corps with nearly three 
times as many men as the Federals offered in opposition. Pender's left 
was extended so as to almost join Eodes's division of Ewell's men. 
Some advantages of position compelled the Federals now to slightly alter 
their line of battle, but substantially they were defending an inner circle 
while the Confederates fought on an outer. 

The fighting was most obstinate when it began, under these new 
arrangements, in a general advance of the Confederate infantry at 1.30 
P. M. Opposed to the two corps of Federal troops — the First and 
Eleventh — were the divisions of Heth, Pender, Rodes, and Early, a full 
half of the Confederate army, with the remainder in supporting dis- 
tance, or, in figures, 10,000 men opposed to 40,000. No wonder the 
fighting, if there was any, was obstinate ; it had to be. For about two 
miles the Confederate formation was that of a "nearly continuous 
double line of deployed battalions, with other battalions in reserve." 
As it advanced, it could not conform to the irregularity of the Union 
line, and in consequence the Confederate left became first engaged, strik- 
ing the northern extremity or right of the First Corps line. As there 
was a gap between the First and Eleventh Corps, Doubleday ordered 
Robinson, with all the reserve, Paul's and Baxter's brigades, assisted by 
Stewart's battery, of the 4th United States Artillery, to the weak spot, 
where, by desperate struggles, he was enabled to prevent the enemy 
from marching in. 

By this time the battle was well under way. It was fierce, san- 
guinary, and determined. The Confederates fought with determined 
valor, and were resisted with more determination. Repeatedly the 
onslaughts against the old line — Stone, Wadsworth — and against Paul 
and Baxter were renewed, and as repeatedly thwarted. More daring 
leaders than the commanders of these brigades could not be found. 



46 



Their men were of the same spirit, and, though suffering at every attack, 
they yet hurled back the foe and maintained their ground. The gallant 
Paul, in one of these, was paid for his bravery by a cruel wound, losing 
both his eyes. 

While the chief force of the attack fell upon Robinson and Wads- 

, worth, Stone was 
^^9^>^ -^/T/ ^ I ^^1^ ^^ effectually 
supplement their 
operationsi; but 
when the enemy, 
unable to make an 
impression,turned 
upon Stone, Rob- 
inson and Wad?;- 
worth were too far 
away to return 
the compliment, 
and the blow fell 
with withering ef- 
fect. In two lines, 
formed parallel to 
the pike, and at 
right - angles to 
"Wadswoiih, the 
enemy fii-st ad- 
vanced upon 
Stone, who, antici- 
pating such a movement, had thrown one of his regiments, under Colonel 
Dwight, forward to the railroad cut, where the men awaited the 
approach. When arrived at a fence, within pistol-shot, Dwight delivered 




FIRST DAY — SITUATION, 11 A. M. 



47 



a withering fire. Nothing daunted, the hostile lines crossed the fence, 
and continued to move forward. By this time Dwight's men had reloaded, 
and, when the advancing foe had arrived close upon the bank, they 
delivered another telling volley. They then leaped the bank and vaulted 
forward with the bayonet, uttering wild shouts, before which the foe fled 
in dismay. On returning, Dwight found that the enemy had planted a 
battery away to the west, so as to completely enfilade the railroad cut, 
making it untenable ; whereupon he returned to his original position on 
the pike. 

At this juncture Colonel Stone fell, severely wounded, and was borne 
off, the command devolving upon Colonel Wister. Foiled in their first 
attempt, with fresh troops the Confederate leaders came on from the north- 
west, that if possible the weak spot in the Bucktail line might be found. 
But Wister, disposing the regiment which in part faced the north to meet 
-them, checked and drove them back from this point also. Again, with 
an enthusiasm never bated, they advanced from the north, and now cross- 
ing the railroad cut, which their guns guarded, rushed forward; but a 
resolute bayonet-charge sent them back again, and that front was once 
more clear. Believing that a single thin line, unsupported, unrenewed, 
and unprotected by breast-works, must eventually yield, a determined 
attack was again made from the west ; but with no better results than 
before, being met by Colonel Huidekoper, who had succeeded to the com- 
mand of Wister's regiment, and, though receiving a grievous wound, from 
the effect of which he lost his right arm, he held his ground, and the 
enemy retired once more in dismay. 

The wave of battle, as it rolled southward, reached every part in turn, 
and the extreme Union left, where Colonel Chapman Biddle's brigade was 
posted, at length felt its power. A body of troops, apparently an entire 
division, drawn out in heavy lines, came down from the west and south, 
and, overlapping both of Biddle's flanks, moved defiantly on. Only three 



48 



I 



small regiments were in position to receive them ; but, ordering np tlie 
151st Pennsylvania, and throwing it into the gap between Meredith's and 
his own, and wheeling the battery into jwsition, Biddle awaited the 
approach. As the enemy appeared beyond the wood, under cover of 
which they had formed, a torrent of death-dealing missiles leaped from 
the guns. Terrible rents were made; but, closing up, they came on 
undaunted. Never were guns better served ; and, though the ground was 
strewn with the slain, their line seemed instantly to grow together, as a 
stone thrown into the waves disappears and the waves flow together again. 
The infantry-fire was terrific on both sides ; but the enemy, outflanking 
Biddle, sent a direct and a doubly destructive oblique fire, before which 
it seemed impossible to stand. But, though the dead fell until the living [ 
could fight from behind them as from a bulwark, the living stood fast, as 
if rooted to the ground. ; 

Wliile the battle was raging with such fury on the First Corps front, I 
it was warmly maintained on the right, where two divisions of the • 
Eleventh Corps had been posted. When General Howard first arrived on I 
the field, and became aware that the enemy was advancing in great force 
from the north, he saw at a glance that Seminary Eidge would not for a 
moment be tenable unless the descent from this direction could be 
checked. Ewell, who was u]X)n that front, seemed indisposed to make 
a determined assault until the bulk of his corps was up, and he could t 
act in conjunction with the forces of Hill, advancing from the west. He 
accordingly pushed Rodes, with the advance di%dsion, over upon the right 
until it formed a junction with Hill. He likewise sent the division of 
Early upon the left until he flanked the position which the cavalry of j 
Buford was holding. i 

While E^vell was waiting, there was one labor being executed which | 
proved of vital importance in the final cast of the battle : it was the for- ( 
tifying of Cemetery Hill by Von Steinwehr. Around the base of this f 



W 



49 



hill were low stone walls, tier above tier, extending from the Taneytown 
road around to the westerly extremity of Wolf's Hill. These afforded 
excellent protection to infantry, and behind them the soldiers, weary 
with the long march and covered with dust, threw themselves for rest. 
Upon the summit were beautiful green fields, now covered by a second 
growth, which to the tread had the seeming of a carpet of 'velvet. 

Von Steinwehr was an accomplished soldier, ha\dng been thoroughly 
schooled in the practice of the Prussian army. His military eye was 
delighted with this position, and thither 
he drew his heavy pieces, and planted 
them on the very summit, at the utter- 
most verge towards the town. But the 
position, though bold and commanding, 
was itself commanded, and Steinwehr 

instantly realized that there would be 

blows to take as well as to give. No tree, 

no house, no obstruction of any kind, A'p ^ 'W/ "^ 

shielded it from the innumerable points \\f---jy^// \ 

on the opposite hills, from Benner's, on 

the extreme right, beyond Wolf's Hill, /y ^ 

around far south on Seminary Ridge to ' 

the left ; but it stood out in bold relief, 

the guns presenting excellent targets for 

the enemy's missiles the moment he should come within artUlery-range. 

However powerful and effective his own guns might prove, while 

unassailed, Steinwehr saw that they would be unable to live long when 

attacked, unless protected. Nor would any light works be of avail. 

There was no time to build a fort, for which the ground was admirably 

adapted. He accordingly threw up lunettes around each gun. These 

were not mere heaps of stubble and turf, but solid works of such height 
4 




GENERAL A. A. HUMPHREYS. 

(Meade's Chief of Staff.) 



50 



and tMckness as to defy the most powerful bolts which the enemy 
could throw against them, with smooth and perfectly level platforms on 
which the guns could he worked. If the Fiist and Eleventh Corps per- 
formed no other service in holding on to their positions, though sustain- 
ing feaiful losses, the giving opportunity for the construction of these 
lunettes and getting a firm foothold upon this great vantage-ground was 
ample compensation for every hardship and misfortune, and the labor 
and skill of Stein wehr in constructing them must ever remain a subject 
of admiration. 

When Barlow, who commanded the di^asion of the Eleventh Corps 
which took the right of the line in front of the town, was going into posi- 
tion, he discovered a wooded eminence a little to the north of the point 
where the Harrisburg road crosses Rock Creek, and nere he determined 
to make his right rest. It was the ground which the skirmish-line of 
Devin had held. But, as the cavalry retired, the enemy had immediately 
thrown forward a body of skirmishers to occupy it. To dislodge these, 
Barlow sent forward Yon Gilsa's brigade. At the Almshouse the line 
halted, and knapsacks were thrown aside. It was then ordered to advance 
at double-quick. The order was gallantly executed, and the wood quickly 
cleared. Dispositions were made to hold it, and Wilkeson s battery, of 
the 4th United States, was advanced to its aid. The watchful Von Gilsa, 
however, soon discovered that the enemy was massed upon his flank, the 
brigades of Gordon and Hays, of Early's division, being formed under 
cover of the wooded ground on either side of Rock Creek, and ready to 
advance upon him. He found it impossible to hold this advanced posi- 
tion, and was obliged to allow that wing to fall back to the neighborhood 
of the Almshouse. 

On the left, in the direction of the First Corps right, the brigade of 
Colonel Von Arnsburg was placed, with Dilger's and Wheeler's batteries. 
The extreme left was occupied by the 74th Pennsylvania. This regiment 



51 



"was much reduced in numbers, and in attempting to cover a long space 
it could present little more tlian a skirmish-line, which rested at a fence 
by a cross-road connecting the Carlisle and the Mummasburg ways. The 
Eleventh Corps line had hardly been established before the enemy, whose 
dispositions had been mainly perfected previous to its arrival, came down 
upon it with overwhelming might. 

On the southern slope of Seminary Ridge, on a prolongation of the 
First Corps line northward, was a commanding position which the enemy 
could not be prevented from 
occupying, and where he now 
planted his artillery so as to 
send an oblique and very de- 
structive fire upon the left of ^^^^^^ 
the Eleventh Corps. From this ^3E^=^ 
point also, having massed his ^"^^^s^ 
infantry, he came on, sweeping 
past the right of the First Corps, 
and breaking and crumpling the 
left of the Eleventh. The right 
of the First, being thus turned, 
was obliged to retire, and was 
carried back. At this j uncture 
Early, who was already massed 
on the extreme right flank of the 




IN GETTYSBURG. 



Eleventh, also advanced. Near the Almshouse he met a stubborn resist- 
ance, and in the midst of the fight the gallant Barlow was wounded, and 
fell helpless into the enemy's hands. Stands were made at intervals, and 
the enemy held in check ; but it was impossible to stay the onset. Until 
the town was reached, the retirement was comparatively deliberate and 
orderly ; but when anived there, being huddled in the narrow streets, 



52 



subjected to a rapid fire from batteries which raked them, and the i 
enemiy's swarming infantry intent on their destruction or capture, the 
men fell into confusion. Their officers strove to save them by ordering 
them into the cross-alleys. But this only added to the confusion, the | 
men either not understanding the commands or hoping to escape the fire , 
of the foe, and over twelve hundred were made prisoners in. less than 
twenty minutes. 

While this was passing upon the right, the enemy assaulted upon the 
left -with no less vigor, but not with the same success. Though the First 
Corps had now been five hours in the fight, some portions of it six, and 
without supports or reliefs, it still stood fast, determined to make good 
the cry which they at the first had raised : " We have come to stay." But 
when it was known that the right of the corps had been turned, and that 
the Eleventh Corps was falling back, it became e^ddent that the position 
which had been so long and so gallantly held, and withal with such sub- 
stantial fruits, would have to be given up. Baxter's brigade, which had 
fought with stubborn bravery upon the right, was brought to the rear of 
the ridge at the railroad cut, where it defended a battery, and still held 
the enemy advancing from the north in check. Paul's brigade, ha^dng 
lost its commander, in retiring became entangled, and a considerable 
number fell into the enemy's hands. On the left, Meredith's and Biddle's 
brigades were ordered to fall back and cover the retirement of the bal- 
ance of the line. Wister, who had succeeded to the command of Stone's 
brigade upon the fall of the latter, had likewise received a severe wound, 
and had turned over the brigade to Colonel Dana. At a barricade of raQs 
which had been thrown up early in the day by Eobinson's men, a final 
stand was made, and here the chief of artillery. Colonel Wainwright, had 
posted his batteries, those of Cooper, Breck, Stevens, and Wilber, thus 
concentrating twelve guns in so small a space that they were scarcely five 
yards apart. Captain Stewart's battery was also in position on the sum- 
mit, two pieces on either side of the railroad cut. 



53 



Encouraged by this falling back, the enemy was brought up in 
masses, as to an easy victory, and, forming in two lines, swept forward. 
As they approached, the artillery opened upon them, Stewart's guns 
being so far to right and front that he could enfilade their lines. Their 
front line was, by this concentrated fire, much broken and dispirited, but 
the second, which was also supported, pressed on. When arrived within 
musket-range their advance was checked, and the firing for a short time 



.t-fe 






a^^ Gettysburg 



11 



12 



U.S.CAV. 

overo 



o Emmetsburg 



Manchester o6 



MEADE 



^' 



SCALE OF MILES 

_l I I L 



FIRST DAY— GENEKAL SITUATION, 5 A. M. 

was hot. The rebels, who greatly outnumbered the small Union line, 
now began to show themselves upon the left flank. Seeing that the posi- 
tion could not much longer be held, Doubleday ordered the artillery to 
retire, and it moved in good order from the field, wending its way back 
to Cemetery Hill. But, before the pieces were all away, the enemy had 
gained so far upon the flank as to reach it with his musketry-fire, shield- 
ing himself behind a garden-fence which runs within fifty yards of the 



54 

pike. Before the last piece had passed, the fire had become very warm, ' 
and the horses attached to this gun were shot. Tlie piece, consequently, 
had to be abandoned, together with three caissons. 

The infantry held its position behind the barricade, successfully ' 
checking the enemy in front, the men showing the most unflinching 
determhiation, Captain Richardson, of General Meredith's staff, riding j 
up and down the line waging a regimental flag, and encouraging them to 
duty. But the enemy was now swarming upon the very summit of the 
ridge, upon the left flank of Doubleday. So near had they approached, 
that Lieutenant-Colonel INIcFarland, while reconnoitring to discover their 
exact position, received a volley which shattered both legs. " When all 
the troops at this point," says General Doubleday, " were overpowered, 
Captain Glenn, of the 149tli Pennsylvania, in command of the Head- 
quarter Guard, defended the building [Seminary] for full twenty minutes 
against a whole brigade of the enemy, enabling the few remaining trooi)S, 
the ambulances, and artillery, to retreat in comparative safety." 

And now was seen the great advantage in the position of Steinwehr's 
reser^'es. As the begrimed cannoniers, and the beasts foaming with the 
excitement of battle, and the sadly-thinned ranks of infantry, exhausted 
by six hours of continuous fighting, filed through the town and approached ' 
Cemetery Hill, they came as to the folds of an impregnable fortress. 
Here at length was rest and security. Whenever the foeman attempted 
to follow, they came immediately into range of Steinwehr's well-posted 
guns, and at every stone wall and building was an abattis of bayonets. ' 
The heroic Buford, who had first felt the shock of battle, and during the 
long hours of this terrible day had held his troops upon the flanks of the 
infantry, joining in the fierce fighting as opportunity or necessity required, 
and who from his watch-tower had scanned and reported every phase of 
the battle, was now at the critical moment a pillar of strength. The S 
insignificiuit division of Steinwehr would alone have presented but a < 



55 



narrow barrier to a powerful and triumphant foe, intent on pushing his 
advantage, and to the left, where the country is all open, and nature pre- 
sents no impediment to an advance, it could have been flanked and easily 
turned out of its position. But here, like a wall of adamant, stood the 
veterans of Buford, with guns skilfully posted, ready to dispute the 
progress of the enemy. His front was tried, and the attempt was made 
to push past him along the low ground drained by Stevens Run, where 
some severe fighting occurred. But he maintained his ground intact, and 
that admirable position was again saved. 

On the right of Steinwehr's position were the rugged heights of Wolfs 
Hill, a natural buttress, unassailable in front from its abruptness, and, 
though susceptible of being turned, as it was on the following evening, 
yet so curtained by an impenetrable wood as to convey the suspicion of 
danger lurking therein. Early, who was in front of this hill, made some 
attempts to carry it, but, finding it apparently well protected, did not 
push his reconnoisance. 

As the two broken corps of the Union army ascended Cemetery Hill, 
they were met by staff officers, who turned the Eleventh Corps to the 
right and the First Corps to the left, where they went into position along 
the summit of the ridge stretching out on either hand from the Baltimore 
pike. A ravine to the right of Cemetery Hill, and between that and 
"Wolf's Hill, seemed to present to the enemy a favorable point of attack, 
and hither was at once sent Stevens's Maine battery and Wads worth's 
division of the First Corps. Here Wadsworth immediately commenced 
substantial breast-works along the brow of the hill, an example which 
other troops followed, until the whole front, extending to Spangler's 
Spring, was surmounted by one of like strength. Through that ravine 
the enemy did assail, but the preparations to meet him were too thorough 
to admit of his entrance. 

This ended the first day of the great conflict. The combatants drew 



56 




57 



breath, and, under cover of the now rapidly falling night, rested : the 
soldiers upon the earth anywhere, the officers in earnest thought for the 
morrow, when again would be upreared the purple banners of horrid war. 
The results of the first day may be thus summed up : In the face 
of the most disastrous odds, the Federal troops that were engaged held 
the ground on which the battle opened, and finally surrendered it only 
in the face of the whole Confederate army ; the Union army ended the 
day much dispirited, driven from their position, and disorganized by a 
•panic to which was added the disheartening influence of the death of 
Eeynolds, undoubtedly the most remarkable man among all the officers 
that the Army of the Potomac saw fall in battle during the four years 
of its existence ; the Confederates were in high spirits over the substan- 
tial advantages they had gained, and went into bivouac with eager 
desire for daylight and the renewal of the contest. 



Note.— For the above map, the compiler is indebted to " Chancellorsville and 
Gettysburg," by Major-General Abner Doubleday. The following is the key : the 
first day's battle being represented north of Fairfield and Hanover roads, the second 
day's battle south of the same. The following are the references : 

To THE First Day's Battle, 
Union Troops, ngBBm 
Major-General O. O. Howard commanding the First and Eleventh Corps. 

FIRST CORPS. 
Major-General Abner Doubleday commanding. 

First Division— Major-General James S. Wadsworth commanding. 

a. First Brigade. Colonel Henry A. Morrow, 24th Michigan. 

b. Second Brigade. Brigadier-General Lysander Cutler. 

Second Division— Major-General John C. Robinson. 

c. First Brigade. Brigadier-General Gabriel R. Paul. 

d. Second Brigade. Brigadier-General Henry Baxter. 

Third Division— Brigadier-General Thos. A. Rowley. 

e. First Brigade. Colonel Chapman Biddle, 121st Pennsylvania. 
/. Second Brigade. Colonel Roy Stone, 149th Pennsylvania. 



58 



ELEVENTH CORPS. 

Major-General Carl Schurz commanding. 

First DI^^SION— Brigadier-Gexeral F. C. Barloav commanding. 
g. First Brigade. Colonel Yon Gilsa. 
h. Second Brigade. Brigadier-General Adelbert Ames. 

Second Division— Brigadier-General Alexander Schimmelpfennig. 
A*. First Brigade. Colonel Yon Arnsberg. 
I. Second Brigade. Colonel Krj^zanowski. 
m. Custer's Brigade, of Steinwehr's Division. 



Confederate Troops, 



Lieutenant-General a. p. Hill commanding Third Corps. 
Major-General Henry Heth commanding Division. 

1. Archer's Brigade. 3. Brockenborough's Brigade. 

2. Davis's Brigade. 4. Pettigrew's Brigade. 

Major-General W. D. Pender commanding Division. 

6. McGowan's Brigade. 8. Thomas's Brigade. 

7. Scales's Brigade. 9. Lane's Brigade. 

Lieutenant-General Benj. Eavell commanding Second Corps. 
Major-General R. E. Rodes commanding Division. 

10. Daniel's Brigade. 12. Iverson's Brigade. 

11. Ramseur's Brigade. 13. O'Neal's Brigade. 

14. Doles' s Brigade. 

Major-General Jural A. Early commanding Division. 

15. Gordon's Brigade. 17. Hoke's Brigade. 

16. Hays's Brigade. 18. Smith's Brigade. 



\)e ^econd Day.=July 2, 1 868. 



Summary of Points. — Federal positions arranged and occupied. Skirmishing 
by various small commands. Battle begun at 3.30 P. M. Attack on Federal left, 
commanded by Sickles, by First Confederate Corps, commanded by Longstreet. 
The severe engagements of the Peach-Orchard, Devil's Den, and Wheat-Field. 
Vincent's occupation and defense of Little Round Top. Final repulse of Long- 
street's assaults, and cessation of fighting on Federal left, 8 P. M. Ewell's attack 
on Culp's Hill begins at 5 P. M. Johnson on extreme Confederate left. Early on 
Cemetery Hill. Charge of the Louisiana Tigers. Repulse of Confederates, and 
cessation of fighting on Federal right, 9 P. M. Duration of battle, four hours and 
a half on Federal left, four hours on Federal right. 




YERYONE felt that the dawn of the second of 
July would herald the critical hour of the 
conflict. The hot breathless night that was 
hastening to a close when Meade arrived on 
the field seemed to augur the approach of 
death, and presage the inevitable slaughter 
of the day now breaking. What thoughts 
must have been his ! Holding supreme com- 
mand less than a week, and already engaged 
in a l^attle in which was enveloped the fate 
of the Republic! 

When he reached the battle-field, at 
1 A. M. of this day, he found the Eleventh Corps occupying Cemetery 
Hill, along which had rallied Schurz's division across the Baltimore 
road; Steinwehr's on the left, and on the right and rear Barlow's men, 
now commanded by Ames. The First Corps was divided: Wadsworth, 
on the right of Ames, held Culp's Hill ; Robinson, on the left of Stein- 
wehr and across the Taneytown road, extended as far as a clump of 

(59) 



60 



trees called Ziegler's Grove ; Doublcday, who had transferred the com- ' 
mand of the corps to General Newton, was in reserve with his division 
in the rear of Schurz. The combined artillery of these two corps cov- 
ered their front, sheltered to a great extent by the light earth-works ' 

I] 
constructed on Cemetery Hill the previous day. South of Ziegler's , 

Grove, Hancock had, since the evening of the 1st, prolonged the Federal r 
left, with the troops he had at his disposal, as far as the Round Tops, so 

as to present a solid line to the 
enemy's troops, which he then 
perceived on Seminary Eidge. 
Birney, with Graham's and 
Ward's brigades of the Third 
Corps bearing to the left of 
Eobinson, extended along ^he 
ridge which prolongs Cemetery 
Hill as far as the depression 
where the latter seems to lose 
itself for awhile, to rise again 
afterward towards the Round 
Tops. "Williams, with the other 
divisions of the same corps, had 
halted within a mile and a quar- 
ter in the rear of Cemetery Hill, 
on the left bank of Rock Creek, near the point w here the Baltimore road 
crosses this stream. Finally, Humphreys, who had not had time in 
daylight to choose a position, massed his two brigades a little to the 
rear and to the left of Birney's line. Meade, as soon as he saw the 
ground by daylight, saw that it possessed several weak spots; but,' 
being too late to withdraw, he hastened to strengthen everything by' 
hurrying forward all the troops not yet at Gettysburg. By forced^ 




MAJOR-GENERAL GEORGE GORDON MEADE. 



61 



marches, the whole army reached him by 9 A. M., with the exception 
of fifteen thousand men of the Sixth Corps, who were distant hut a 
few hours. 

Lee's positions at daybreak on the 2d were as follows : Ewell's 
entire corps was drawn up on the battle-field, with Johnson on the 
left, resting on Eock Creek, upon Benner's Hill; Early in the centre, 
facing the ridge which connects Culp's Hill with Cemetery Hillj 




lee's headquakters, chambersburg pike. 



Eodes on the right, at the foot of Cemetery Hill, his main force 
occupying the town of Gettysburg, while his right formed a connec- 
tion with the Third Corps on Seminary Ridge. The two divisions of 
the Third, those of Heth and Pender, retained the positions they had 
taken at sunset on the day previous. Pender was on the left, above 



62 



the Seminary ; Heth on the right, along the ridge ; Hill's third 
division, under Anderson, was posted about one and a half miles in 
the rear, on the Cashtown road, between Marsh Creek and "Willoughby 
Kun. By 4 A. M., Anderson was on his way to Seminary Ridge, closely 
followed by McLaws's and Hood's divisions — with the exception of 
Laws's brigade — of the First Corps. At the same time, Pickett was 
leaving Chambersburg ; Laws, the village of New Guilford ; and 
Stuart, Carlisle. By 9 A. M., therefore, the entire Confederate army 
enveloped Gettysburg, with the exception of Stuart's cavalry and the 
six thousand men of Laws and Pickett. 




MEADE'S HEADQUARTERS, TANEYTOWN ROAD, FRONT YIFM. 



Meade, on examining the ground, issued his orders, and rectified ' 
his positions, and placed the constantly-arriving troops in position, all ' 
of which was accomplished by 9 A. M. During the five hours up to ^ 
this time, the enemy had not fired a shot or annoyed the Union ^ 
commander at all. Nor did he do so until much more precious time^ 
had been wasted in the most extraordinary fashion: for time was^ 



63 



everything to the Confederate chieftain. He decided early on the 2d 
to attack the Federal left, and to intrust the command to Longstreet. 
The sound of the battle is to be the signal for an attack on the 
Federal left by Ewell, and, if success seems to favor these attacks, the 
centre, under Hill, is to attack the centre of Meade's line. This plan, 
makes success dependent upon the combined action of several corps 
between which there is absolutely no connection, a plan that has failed 
so often as to have almost become a dead law of battles. 




MEADE'S HEADQUARTERS, REAR VIEW. 



The sun by this time has crossed the zenith, and the same 
strange ominous silence broods over the fields separating the two 
armies. Meade is more and more astonished at Lee's inaction. The 
signal-men on Round Top signal Meade that Confederate troops are 
moving to the south. All morning skirmishing, more or less severe, 
has been going on on Meade's left, and he is now assured that the 
attack will be there. This is the view taken by Sickles, who, con- 
sidering that his instructions have not been definite, undertakes, on 
his own responsibility, to push forward and occupy the Emmettsburg 



64 



I, possessing himself of Sherfy's peach-orchard. The position 
appreciated by Lee, and Longstreet's first purpose was to obtain 
Meade, on reaching the ground, saw at once that it could not be 
I by the troops then present, and hastened for reinforcements. It 
, however, too late to fall back. The Confederate artillery were 
ring shot and shell into the orchard, and, a little more to the east, 
rattle of musketry disclosed the fact that Hood had opened the 
t. 

For some time the fire of the artillery was tremendous. It 
red but the introduction to more deadly work. Longstreet had 
led his lines under cover, and was now moving down to strike 
extreme left of Meade's line. With a wild charge they confronted 
troops of Ward, who were enabled to beat them back. But Ward 
ized at once that he could not withstand a second assault. 
Trobriand, therefore, at his request, sent him the 17th Maine, 
ch took position behind a low stone wall to the left of the wheat- 
l, where it could do effective work if Ward should be forced 
V. The 17th Maine was followed by the 40th New York, which 
: position on Ward's left, so as to block the way to Little Round 
. The attack was not again directed against Ward, but against 
whole of Birney's line, reaching forward to tlio orchard. De 
briand's men were assaulted with murderous fire and desperate 
rage. The troops of Graham, which were on open ground and had 
protection, were in imminent danger of beiug cut to pieces. The 
where the road-bed makes up to the Emmettsburg way afforded a 
ht protection from artillery-fire, but was of no avail when the 
federate infantry charged. The 141st Pennsylvania was posted in 
port of the Federal guns at this point, facing south. The men 
e lying down when the charge came, and were unperceived by 
foe, which swept forward to seize the guns. Suddenly the men! 



i 
T i 
v. 



ij.ll 



65 



1 



Vx 



of the 141st rose, poured in a well-directed volley, and followed tl 
smoke of their guns with a wild bayonet-charge. Swept down 1 
ranks, and bewildered by the suddenness of the unexpected regimer 
the Confederate line halted, paused, trembled, and fled. The hors 
of the Union artillery having all been killed, the guns, were drav 
back by the infantry to the rear of the road-bed. 

While this wave of battle, extending from the Round Top we 
to the orchard, was rolled again and again at the devoted line 
blue-coats, Hood, who had instantly appreciated the value of Roui 
Top on seeing it, was organizing a movement to attempt its captui 
He had discovered that Little Round Top was not occupied, and th 
only a thin curtain, composed of the 99th Pennsylvania, was hung 
front of the hill. This place he regarded as the prize of the da 
Selecting his most trusted men for the assault, he led them out ai 
pointed to the dark ground of the rocky summit which he desin 
them to possess. On they rushed with wild impetuosity ; but, befo 
they could reach the thin line of the 99th, succor had come. Tl 
40th New York, the 6th New Jersey, and the 4th Massachuset 
arrived and occupied the path across Plum Run. With despera 
valor the enemy penetrate the Union line, and, with still further impe 
uosity, rush on to the foot of the mountain-side. Suddenly a sheet 
flame bursts in their astonished faces. The hill, ten minutes aj 
unoccupied, swarms at its base with the men of Vincent's brigad 
ordered to Little Round Top by Sykes, at the request of Gener 
Warren, who has appreciated to the full the importance of this hi 
In addition, Warren, hastening to some troops he sees moving clo 
by, finds them to be the third brigade of Ayres's division of the Fifi 
Corps, under General Weed. The first regiment Warren encounters 
commanded by an old friend. Colonel O'Rorke, who, in answer 
Warren's demands, causes the column of the liOtW New York 



66 



directly scale the acclivities of Little Kound Top. This the men do 
willingly. 

All the while Laws's soldiers are pressing Vincent, who defends 
his position at the point of the muzzle. It is almost hand to hand. 
Laws, seeing the resistance offered by this small band, determines to 
end it by a flank movement, at the expense of the 16th Michigan 
Extending his left, he attacks Avith impetuosity, and carries his point. 
The 16th is unable to resist, gives way, Vincent is cut off from the 




GENERAL VINCENT'S MONUMENT ON ROUND TOP. 

rest of the army, and cannot therefore protect the point of the position 
—the summit of Little Round Top— on which the officers of the 
Signal Corps are still waving their colors. At the very moment the 
16th Michigan gives way and Laws's men break for the summit, 
O'Rorke's soldiers reach the top at full run, which Warren has 
pointed out to them as a citadel to be held at all odds. Not a 
moment too soon do they arrive. There is no time to contemplate 



67 



the battle-field below, which is enveloped in a pall of sulphurous 
smoke. Laws's soldiers are just appearing on the other side. There is 
not time to form a line, load their guns, or fix bayonets. O'Rorke, 
seizing the position in a glance, calls on his willing men. The enemy- 
fires: a large number of the 140th fall on the soil they have never 
seen, but so well won. With a wild scream, the rest, clubbing their 
muskets and raising them on high, dash down upon those who a 
moment since deemed themselves victors. The Confederate advance 
is checked; the prize seems lost. The foremost of Laws's men are 
taken prisoner, and a terrible fire is opened on the remainder. 
Vincent's right, having recovered from its check, now dashes forward 
once more. Hazlett's battery, which, after the most extraordinary 
exertions on the part of the men of the 140th New York, has been 
hauled to the summit, now takes position, though menaced by 
showers of bullets. The guns cannot be depressed enough to do 
damage to the enemy on the immediate slope below their muzzles, 
and they are therefore trained on the Confederate reserve in the 
valley, and the sound of the guns encourages the Union infantry. 
The valiant O'Rorke has unhappily fallen ; the 140th has lost over 
one hundred men in a few minutes ; the battle waxes more and more 
intense. Another attempt to pierce the line is made by Laws, but 
Vincent hastens there with a few reinforcements, and the attempt is 
defeated. Vincent falls a victim to his bravery. Hood is severely 
wounded, and the combatants, somewhat exhausted, pause for breath. 
On the other side of Plum Run, at this time, the Union positions 
so stubbornly defended by Ward and De Trobriand are seriously 
compromised by the arrival of Kershaw, who forces Barnes off the 
ground he is holding. Ward is obliged to abandon the entire hill of 
the Devil's Den. The Confederates, crowding the wood, take the 
17th Maine, posted behind the wall, in flank, and, rushing across 



68 



to the wheat-field, force "Winslow's guns to the rear, and menace 
De Trobriand's weak line. De Trobriand is at the same time 
assailed in front by Anderson's men, and is compelled to give way. 
The troops in the orchard on his right cannot give him any assist- 
ance, for the artillery which they are there to defend is now threat- 
ened by Kershaw's left. The 8th South Carolina makes a valiant 
attempt to capture the guns of Clark and Bigelow, but are stopped 
by an appalling fire from the 141st Pennsylvania, who suddenly rise 
from a sunken road. Under cover of this success, the guns are hauled 
back beyond the position of peril. This farther uncovers De Trobriand's 
right. Caldwell's strong division now arrives, in time to relieve Birney 
and Barnes. One brigade, under Cross, advances to De Trobriand's 
support; a second, under Kelly, which has crossed Plum Eun near 
the road, supports Ward along the slopes bordering this stream a little 
lower down. This is Meagher's Irish brigade, and they go into the 
fight in characteristic fashion. When within range of the enemy, 
the command is halted, the men kneel, and their chaplain, a priest 
of Eome, standing on a high rock, a natural pulpit, pronounces a 
general absolution. The " Amen " of the priest is simultaneous with 
Kelly's "Forward!" and, with the Church's benediction, these brave 
fellows rush onward. Their onslaught stays the advance of Ander- 
son's brigade. The priest and the soldier together have been 
irresistible. 

In the meantime, Bimey, rallying around Cross a portion of 
De Trobriand's soldiers and Burling's two regiments, which have 
been driven in on that side, calls on them to follow him, and a 
dash is made at Kershaw's line, which cannot resist this assault, and 
is forced back on Somms's brigade, a hundred and fifty yards to the 
rear. These troops advance against Caldwell's first line, which, losing 
heavily, is supplanted by the second, composed of the brigades of 



69 




DIAGRAM OF THE ATTACK ON SICKLES AND SYKES, SECOND DAY. 



Explanation.— This diagram is taken from General Doubleday's " Chancellors- 
ville and Gettysburg," Scribner's "Campaigns of the Civil War." It will be seen 
that a long line of rebel batteries bears upon A, and that one of them was brought up 
to enfilade the side A B. The angle at A, attacked by Barksdale on the north, and 
Kershaw on the west, was broken in. In consequence of this, several batteries on 
the line E F were sacrificed, and Woffard's brigade soon came forward and took the 
position D E. The Confederate line being very long, and overlapping Ward's brigade 
on the left, the latter was forced back, and the exulting rebels advanced to seize 
Little Round Top. They attacked the force there with great fury, assailing it in 
front and rear, but they were ultimately repulsed, and finally took up the line G L. 
Two divisions of the Fifth Corps, and one of the Second Corps, were sent in, one 
after the other, to drive back the strong rebel force posted from D to G, but each one 
had a bitter contest in front, and was flanked by the rebel line at D E, so that ulti- 
mately all were obliged to retreat, although each perfonned prodigies of valor. 
Indeed, Brooke's brigade charged almost up to the enemy's line of batteries, II I. 
The rebels gained the position L G, confronting our main line and close to it ; but a 
fine charge made by Crawford's division of the Pennsylvania Reserves drove them 
farther back, and, as part of the Sixth Corps came up and formed to support Craw- 
ford, the rebels gave up the contest for the night as regards this part of the field. 



70 



Zook and Brooke. These men drive Somms to the other side of 
the ravine. Kershaw, on the left, is likewise dislodged by the fury 
of Caldwell's attack, and the Confederates find it necessary to retire, 
as it were, for breath to renew the struggle. Hood is now exhausted, 
and McLaws, seeing that Somms and Kershaw are unable to hold 
their ground, decides to direct the main attack on the orchard. 
Sickles has given Graham the effectives of two brigades to defend it, 




TABLET 91ST PA., LITTLE ROUND TOP. 



but it would require strong intrenchments to cover so destitute a 
position. The Confederate artillery-fire is slackened ; the infantry, 
under Barksdale, of Mississippi, strikes Graham's flank that faces 
westward. Woffard, with some of Kershaw's battalions, leaps upon 
Graham from the south, and the devoted Union commander passes 
through a vortex of fire to find himself wounded and a prisoner. His 



71 



soldiers are prisoners or dispersed. The orchard is captured after a 
prolonged and gallant defense. The batteries along the Emmettsburg 
road are withdrawn : it is no longer possible to maintain them. Those 
on the left are being fired as they are withdrawn. They crowd forward. 
Birney is defeated : more than half his men are lost. Barksdale 
pushes on to the front. Woffard bears to the eastward,' in order to 
take in flank the regiments that hold Kershaw in check. Anderson's 
three brigades, under Wilcox, Perry, and Wright, hasten to dislodge 
Humphreys from his position on the Emmettsburg road. It is about 
a quarter to seven. Humphreys's left is turned, and, ordered by Birney, 
he executes a masterly movement to the rear, reforming his line of 
battle under the most difficult circumstances. By this time, Barnes 
and Caldwell are finally driven out of the wheat-field. Zook is killed 
on this bloody ground. The Federal line is irrevocably broken, and 
all the forces which till then have held Longstreet in check are no 
longer able to reform it. A gradual concentration and falling back 
on Little Round Top, the real point of support for the Federal left, 
now takes place. It was inevitable. 

Let us now return to this splendid position, which we left on the 
temporary cessation of the Confederate attack. Weed's brigade has 
been ordered by Sykes to reinforce the 140th New York, and has 
promptly complied. Weed reaches there at the moment Vincent falls 
mortally wounded, and when both sides are preparing to renew the 
fight. Laws makes a determined onslaught on the 20th Maine, and a 
hand-to-hand fight ensues. Weed sets an example of heroic bravery, 
and falls mortally wounded by the side of Hazlett's battery. Hazlett, 
bending down to receive the dying man's last words, is also struck, 
and falls lifeless upon the body of his chief. The carnage is fearful. 
Happily the enemy is nearly exhausted, and, in his attempt to sur- 
round the left of the Federals, he has prolonged his line too much. 



72 



Colonel Chamberlain takes advantage of it to charge the enemy in 
turn, which so surprises the Confederates that they fall back in dis- 
may, leaving more than three hundred wounded and prisoners. The 
brigades of General Ayres on Plum Run, and the arrival of Crawford 
with McCandless's brigade on Little Eound Top, suffice to drive the 
enemy over Plum Run, with which movement ceases the struggle for 
the possession of this vantage-ground. It has been bitter, costly, 
desperate, and triumphant for its defenders. 

The battle continues for the possession of the hills in and about 
Plum Run. Barksdale and Wofifard attack Humphreys's weak division, 
and Hancock — who took command on the retirement of Sickles — 
hurries to the support of Humphreys all the forces at his disposal. 
Two regiments of Hays's division, Willard's brigade, and thirty or 
forty pieces of reserve artillery under Major McGilvery, accomplish 
the immediate support, while Meade, summoning from the right, 
sends "Williams's division, closely followed by one of Geary's brigades, 
under Candy, and preceded by Lockwood's two regiments, to the 
front. Three other brigades are also hurried forward, and Meade 
calls upon General Newton to weaken Cemetery Hill as much as 
possible, in order to assist Humphreys. The final assault of the Con- 
federates on the Union left now takes place, and is led by Anderson, 
McLaws, Wilcox, and Barksdale, Longstreet directing in person. Hood 
could not advance, owing to the possession of Plum Run and Little 
Round Top by the Federals. These are ready to receive them, and 
have now occuj)ied Big Round Top also, thus closing all access on 
that end. The fight becomes furious. The fiery Barksdale is shot, 
under the fire of Burling's regiments. His soldiers, carried away by 
his bravery, rush upon the Federals, but are thrown back in disorder, f 
leaving their dying chief in the hands of the Unionists. Wofiard, who ,, 
is supporting Barksdale on the right, cannot go beyond the flats of J/, 



73 



Plum Run; Anderson's brigade, on the left, is not within reach. 

Longstreet waits in vain for Somras and Kershaw, whose brigades 

have suffered too much, and cannot renew the attack. At this 

moment Anderson's division scales the slopes along which Humphreys 

and Gibbon are posted. Wilcox, on the right, followed at a consid- 

erable distance by Perry, leads the attack. On the 16ft, Wright, 

j receiving the oblique fire of several guns posted on the edge of a 

I small wood above Gibbon's front, rushes forward and captures them; 

j but Webb's brigade, emerging from its position, makes a desperate 





'^ ,'l 



ARTILLERY-HORSES IN BATTLE. 



stand in defense of the hill. Wright, encouraged by the sight of the 
crowds that are encumbering the Baltimore road, believes he is about 
to become the master of the hill, and fights with sublime fury. In 
fifteen minutes he loses two-thirds of his effective force, and is com- 
pelled to fall back before Gibbon's division, which is facing him with 
ideal courage. Wilcox, taken in flank by McGilvery's artillery, 
instead of the tetreating soldiers .he supposed he was pursuing, comes 
suddenly upon Humphreys's (in good order) and Hancock's reserves, 
and into a circle of fire which in a breath strips from him five 
hundred men of the sixteen hundred with him. Dispirited, broken, 



74 



sullen, he retires to the Emmettsburg road. The last effort against 
the Federals has failed ; and, as the twilight creeps in to cover the 
scene of blood and death, the musketry-fire ceases, the artillery 
languishes, and the pall of smoke drifts away on the rising night- 
breeze. The agony here is over. 

During most of this time, Ewell, commanding the Confederate 
left, has been waiting the sound of Longstreet's guns to convey to 




m- ^^^^^^s 






him the order for attack. A contrary wind prevailing, he does not 
hear the sounds of battle until five o'clock. Then he prepares at once. 
Six batteries on Benner's Hill open fire in support of the attack of John- 
son's division on the Federal positions on Gulp's Hill. An hour suffices • 



75 



to silence the fire of these guns, so well is the Federal artillery served. 
Finding an attempt on the north and northeast sides of Gulp's Hill 
impossihle, Johnson determines to attack the Federals in the very 
gorges of Rock Creek, in order to turn their positions by way of the 
southeast. About half-past six he is in position and opens fire, and 
for the first time on the 2d of July the battle is in progress along 
the whole front of both armies. 

While Johnson was pushing in the right of the line on Gulp's 
Hill, those who defended Gemetery Hill were about to face the first 
historic charge of the battle — that of the Louisiana Tigers. The 
summit of Cemetery Hill was held by Wiedrick's and Ricketts's 
batteries, supported by a part of the Eleventh Corps, under cover of 
stone walls. To the right of Cemetery Hill, at right angles to it, 
was the beginning of Gulp's Hill, upon a small plateau of which was 
planted Stevens's Maine battery. His guns enfiladed the approaches 
to Cemetery Hill. On the right of Stevens's battery began the heavy 
breast-works erected by Wadsworth on the top of Gulp's Hill, and 
overhanging its precipitous sides. This earth-work was carried round 
the hill, and was continued by Greene, whose right rested at a ravine 
that declines to a thickly-wooded plateau. These breast-works were 
continued beyond the ravine, but at this hour had no infantry to make 
them efiective, the troops having been ordered to Round Top. 

Just as the sun was disappearing in the red west and the soft 
gray shadows of twilight were gathering like a ghostly army, the 
defenders of Cemetery Hill saw emerging from behind an eminence near 
the town a long line of infantry formed for assault. Onward the 
column moved with the precision of a parade and all the steadiness 
of a holiday spectacle. The line was formed of the brigades of Hays 
and Hoke, led by the famous Louisiana Tigers. The moment they 
came in sight, they faced the test of death. Stevens opened on them 



76 



with every gun: Wiedriek and Ricketts joined in the chorus. The 
slaughter was immediately terrible; men fell dead before the iron 
storm at the rate of a dozen a minute. The guns of Eicketts were 
charged with canister, and they fired every fifteen seconds. Stevens's 
battery, enfilading the Confederate line, wreaked furious destruction 
upon the storming column, which, through it all, in the face of the 
very hell of war, kept on their upward way. As the Tigers came 
within musket-range of the crest of Cemetery Hill, Howard's infantry, 
hidden behind the stone wall, j)oured volley after volley into the faces 
of the wild-hearted and maddened men. But the eyes of two armies 
were on the Tigers; they carried the guerdon of fame that they had 
never failed in a charge. They could not halt now, the hour of their 
hardest trial. Over the stone walls they went at a bound. Stevens was 
obliged to cease firing, for fear of killing friends. Wiedriek is unable 
to withstand the shock ; his supports and his men are swept back 
together before the force of that human tornado. Ricketts quails not; 
the full strength of the storm, falling on his devoted men, falls in vain. 
His left piece is taken : the Tigers are within the cage. The remaining 
guns are still served with admirable discipline and courage, drivers 
and officers taking the places of the dead cannoniers. A struggle takes 
place for the guidon ; it is in the hands of a Tiger ; Lieutenant Brock- 
way seizes a stone, hurls it full at the head of the soldier, which fells 
him to the ground, and in a moment the Tiger is shot with his own 
musket. The wildest confusion — a bedlam of terror — now ensues. The 
rapidly - gathering darkness makes friends and foes indistinguishable. 
The men at the batteries are being overpowered by their desperate and 
maddened assailants, but still they cling to their guns; with hand- 
spikes, rammers, and stones they defend their position, shouting to one 
another : " Death on our own State soil rather than give the enemy the 
guns!" The moment is most critical; the fate of the issue is near at 



77 




hand. At this instant Carroll's brigade rushes in to the rescue; with 
wild shouts they burst upon the almost exhausted foe. They waver, 
they turn, they retreat in confusion. Ricketts's men fly to their guns, 
double-shot them, and fire deadly 
parting salutes at the defeated 
Tigers. Their charge is over ; they 
have been beaten. Nearly twelve 
hundred of their seventeen hun- 
dred are left dead and dying. It 
has been indeed a bloody half- 
hour's work. They pass down the 
hill, out into the darkness, and are 
seen no more in history. 

All the while, Johnson is bat- 
tling with persistent force against 
Greene on Culp's Hill. Unable to 

beat in his line defending the breast-works, he seizes the line thrown 
up by Ruger and Geary and abandoned when these commanders were 
ordered to reinforce the Federals on Plum Run. Again and again 
Johnson assailed Greene, and again and again is he driven back with 
dismay. Finding it impossible to break down this gallant soldier, 
Johnson pushes on past Culp's Hill, and has almost reached the Balti- 
more pike when the now offensive darkness comes to the aid of the 
Federals, and Johnson halts his men. The battle of the second day 
is over, and in the deep shadows of welcome night the tired men throw 
themselves down, not caring whether the sod or a corx^se is their pillow. 

In the early hours of the night the leaders sum up the day's total. 
During the terrible storm, the Confederates have acquitted themselves 
with the courage and ardor that have so frequently secured victory 
to them. Nevertheless, they have not achieved the results which they 



CAPTAIN R. B. RICKETTS. 



78 



were entitled to expect from their enormous sacrifices. The condition 
of the battle-field has been against them, and in favor of the Union 
arms. Though defeated on the right, they have won such advantages 
on the left that Lee is more than justified in renewing the attack. 
The situation of Meade, in spite of the advantages he has gained, is 
properly alarming. His losses are enormous — more than twenty thou- 
sand for two days' fighting! The enemy has not spoken his best 
word, and the Union commander is fearful lest another day's confiict 
equally murderous would cause his army to melt away into nothing. 
A council of war decides to fight it out on the morrow, and the rest of 
the now moonlit night is occupied in preparations for the coming 
final and fierce whirlwind of strife that is to decide the battle and the 
life of the Kepublic. 




^he ^bind Bay.=July 8, 1 868. 



Summary of Points.— 3.40 A. M., Federal attack on Confederate left, on Gulp's 
Hill. Final repulse and re-occupation of Gulp's Hill positions, 11 A. M. Federal 
cavalry attack on Gonfederate trains on Gonfederate right. SharJ) skirmishing 11 
to 11.45 A. M. 1 P. M., artillery-duel begins. Pickett's charge, 2.30 P. M. Final 
repulse of Gonfederate attack about 3.15 P. M. Desultory fighting up to 6 P. M. 
Duration of fighting on Federal right, seven hours ; on Federal left, about five hours. 




A GETTYSBXJKG BELLE 100 YEARS AGO, 



THE kindly moon lights up the battle-field 
all the night of the 2d-3d, as though it 
were desirous nothing should hinder the 
prompt resumption of hostilities. The wounded 
are cared for as far as possible, and the lines of 
both armies are rectified and strengthened. Lee 
intends to renew his attack on the Federal right, 
where Johnson has gained such an 
advantage, and attempt also to pierce 
the Union centre. Meade determines 
to push Johnson back, and 
then to wait developments. 
In addition to his reports 
from the battle-field, Meade 
is aware that Stuart and 
Kilpatrick have met, and 
N fought a sharp engagement, 
which has, however, no bear- 
ing on the final conflict of 
both armies, now about to 
take place. 

(79) 



} i 



80 



During the night, Geary's and Ruger's divisions were ordered back 
to Gulp's Hill. Geary, finding his old ground occupied, formed on 
Greene's right. Ruger took position on the flank and rear of Johnson's i 
men. Shortly after 3 A. M., General Kane observed the enemy moving 
about, preparatory, presumably, to a charge. Reporting to Geary, that 
officer promptly took the oflensive, and, at twenty minutes before four, 
discharged his pistol as a signal for opening the attack. The conflict, 
thus begun, continued for seven hours with intense bitterness. The 
firing of the Union troops was most effective : the Confederate charges, 
which were made with great spirit, availed nothing. The artillery -fire 
from the Union lines was well directed, and accomplished much damage: 
the Confederate forces being unable to get their artillery into any position 
from which an efiective reply could be made. As the day wears on, | 
the sun beats upon the troops with unstinted fury, making the terrible 
situation more terrible still. The struggle is terrific : hand to hand, man 
to man, almost impossible to describe, as it is made up of incidents of 
bravery and accidents of death as numerous as the combatants themselves. 
A terrific charge by Stonewall Jackson's old command, made with useless 
heroism upon Kane's brigade of Geary's division, failing, Johnson was 
at last convinced — at 11 A. M. — that he could effect nothing further, and, 
to a return-charge of Geary's division, he yielded his ground slowly and 
reluctantly. "With a yell of congratulation, Geary's men reoccupied 
their breast-works. This ended all attempts to turn the Federal right, 
and, beyond a fusilade now and again when anything showed itself, the 
Confederate forces of Ewell gave their opponents no further trouble. 

The final scene is now to transpire before the eyes of the devoted 
men of both armies. One more terrific tableau, and the battle is done. 
Lee will attempt to break the Federal centre. He had failed to breat : 
the left — he had failed to turn the right. He must pierce the centre, oi|- 
retreat. For this purpose, he has Pickett's division — the flower of thj^^ 




Battle op the Third Day. — Pickett's charge. From Scribner's "Cam- 
paigns of the Civil War: Chancellorsville and Gettj'sburg," by Abner Doubleday 
Federal troops solid blacii lines, Confederate parallel lines. 
6 



82 



grand old commonwealth of Virginia — which has not yet been in action, 
and which is full of enthusiasm. They will lead, they will follow, any- 
where. He decides to launch them upon the centre, and to support 
them on both flanks by an advance of the balance of his available army. 
It will be a supreme effort — the last desperate chance of a desperate man. 
Longstreet's men, the soldiers under Hood and McLaws, have suffered too 
much to undertake the support of Pickett. They remain inactive spec- 
tators of Pickett's efforts. Lee therefore forms Pickett's division in two 
lines — Kemper and Garnett leading, supported by Armistead, with 
Wilcox and Perry, of Hill's Corps, on his right, and Pettigrew, com- 
manding Heth's division, and Trimble, with two of Pender's brigades, 
of Hill's Corps, for a like purpose on his left. Pickett explains the 
purpose of the charge, and designates to each officer his exact position. 
Everything is ready to go forward, after the artillery has cleared the 
way. Longstreet does not approve of the assault. Lee overrules his 
objections ; and the plan, as projected by the Confederate commander, is 
executed. 

To the Confederate artillery is entrusted the heavy work. Colonel 
Alexander, at daybreak, places the six reserve batteries of the First Corps 
along the Emmettsburg road ; the rest of the artillery of this corps is 
presently posted in this vicinity, and both form a slightly concave line, of 
seventy-five pieces, from the peach-orchard to a point which commands 
the road east of the Godori house, at a distance of from nine hundred to 
thirteen hundred yards from the Federal line. The batteries of Major 
Henry, to the right of the orchard, cross their fire w^th that of the rest 
of the line. Alexander's batteries are ranged above this position, at the 
summit of the slope running down to the Trostle house. On his left, 
and somewhat in his rear, is located the Washington Artillery, with 
Bearing's and Cabell's battalions. To this line, Meade was not able to 
oppose as many guns, owing to the shorter space at his disposal. At 



83 



Cemetery Hill, on the right, were the batteries of Ricketts, Wiedrick, 
Dilger, Bancroft, Eakin, Wheeler, Hill, and Taft, under the command of 
Major Osborn. Next to him, and directly in front of Meade's head- 
quarters, extending from Ziegler's Grove south along Hancock's front, 
were the batteries of Woodruff, Arnold, Gushing, Browji, and Rorty, 
commanded by Major Hazard. Still further on the Federal left was 
Major McGilvery, commanding the batteries of Thomas, Thompson, 
Phillips, Hart, Sterling, Roch, Cooper, Dow, and Ames. Gibbs and 
Rittenhouse held the summit of Little Round Top. Eighty guns were 
thus in effective position. The Union infantry supporting this artillery 
consists of Robinson's di^dsion of the First Corps, at Ziegler's Grove, and 
to his left the divisions of Hays and Gibbon, of the Second Corps, and 
that of Doubleday, of the First. To the left again were Caldwell, of the 
Second, and parts of the Third, Fifth, and Sixth Corps. 

By one o'clock, the enemy having perfected Ms arrangements, Long- 
street reluctantly sends word to Colonel Walton to give the signal. Two 
cannon-shots, fired on the right by the Washington Artillery at an 
interval of a minute, break the silence brooding over the scorched and 
waiting battle-field. The signal is well understood by both armies, and 
the solitary smoke of these shots has not dispersed before the whole 
Confederate line is ablaze. The throats of one hundred and thirty-eight 
cannon obey the signal, and send forth a concerted roar that rivals the 
angriest thunder. The Federal guns wait, under General Hunt's orders, 
fifteen minutes before replying, in order to take a survey of the batteries 
upon which they must concentrate their fire. Their positions afford 
better shelter than those of the enemy, but the formation of the Federal 
line affords the Confederates the advantages of a concentric fire. By 1.15 
P. M., the reply is made. More than two hundred guns are now engaged 
in the most tremendous and most terrible artillery-duel ever witnessed 
in the New World. Every size and form of shell known to British and 



84 



American gunnery shrieks, moans, "vrhistles, ami "wrathfully flutters over 
the ground. As many as six la a second — for the Confederate batteries 
fire volleys constantly twice in a second — bursting and screaming, carry 
destruction everywhere, and everyvv^here ruin and dismay. It is a hell 
of fire, that amazes the greatest veteran present. The Avild death-screams 
of the shells are answered with the peculiar yells of the dying: the 
blent cry of pain, and horror, and despair ! It is an hour of terror. 
Death is master of the situation. The roar of the iron storm cannot 
drown the accordant shriek of the dying, the wild curse of the wounded, 
the avenging oaths of the living. Was there ever such a scene ? The 
fire of the Federals is effective, but General Hunt, anticipating the 
infantry-attack soon to follow, orders a cessation, and the batteries on 
Cemetery Hill cease their angry answers. They are followed by the rest, 
and soon the Confederate guns hear no reply but the echoes of their own 
attack. By their cannoniers this silence is interpreted to mean that the 
ammunition has given out, and that the Federal position is now assail- 
able. The Confederate fire ceases. Its silence is ominous : it is the calm 
that just precedes the maddest fiiry of the storm. 

Pickett rides up to Longstreet, and asks for orders to advance. The 
moA'ement is so contrary to Longstreet's judgment, that that general is 
silent. He answers nothing. Pickett says to his superior, proudly: 
" I shall go forward, sir ! " And then, from out the woods which contain 
the Confederate fortified line, there bursts a splendid ma.ss of infantry, 
which is quickly marshaled in magnificent line of battle. It is a com- 
pact formation, fourteen thousand strong. At the word, the men start 
forward : 

Firm-paced and slow, a horrid front tliey form, 
Still as the breeze, but dreadful as the storm ! 

Nothing inteiTupts the view of this superb movement. The dullest 
soldier can comprehend as readily as his general the purpose and power 



85 




Hi 

» 
O 

H 

-<! 
K 
H 

(^ 
O 

C-i 

p 
8 

o 

<! 

W 
O 

O 



86 



of this advancing host. The shock will be great — possibly fatal ! Full 
of ardor as if rushing to assault the capital of the nation, yet marching 
"with measured steps so as not to break the alignment, on come these 
valiant men, treading steadily forward while yet aware that each step 
brings them nearer certain death. Solidly quiet, magnificent is their 
progress. Marching in the direction of the salient position occupied by 
Hancock, Pickett, after passing beyond the front of Wilcox, causes each 
of his brigades to make a half-wheel to the left. This movement is 
hardly completed before McGilvery leads off with the fire of the Federal 
batteries : a cloud-burst of flame. This, though well directed, does not 
suffice to check the soldiers of Pickett. Another half-wheel to the right, 
and Pickett is in a perilous position. "Wilcox has separated from him, 
and uncovered his right ; Pettigrew, on his left, either cannot or will not 
push forward his supports, and the Federal line is within musket-range. 
Still the advance is unchecked: Pickett cannot go back. Solid shot, 
shells, shrapnel, and canister are poured forth in unstinted measure. 
Never was a grander sight, never a more matchless courage. Carnage is 
here and now personified. A single shot of McGilvery, firing upon 
Pickett's flank, kills ten men. Then the Union infantry pours in a 
volley. Pickett's front rank is decimated in a second. Staggering a 
moment, it moves again. The men rush forward at double-quick. The 
furious fusilade is uninterrupted. Gamett, whose brigade is in the 
advance, falls dead within a hundred yards of the Union front. His 
men rush madly upon the parts of the line where are the 69th and 71st. 
This brings them under the fire of Stannard's brigade, which has occu- 
pied a small woods in advance and to the left of the point of Pickett's 
attack. Hancock, always alert to seize a favorable opportunity, forms 
them to take the enemy's line in flank. Two regiments from Arm- 
istead's right are decimated and disorganized by this movement. The 
remainder of this brigade throws itself in the rear of the centre of 



87 



Pickett's line. Armistead, urging his men forward, reaches the front 
rank between Kemper and Garnett — if it yet be possible to distin- 
guish regiments and brigades in this compact mass of human beings, 
which, all covered with blood, seems to be driven by an irresistible 
force superior to the individual will of those composing it — and 
throws himself upon the Union line. The shock is terrific : it falls first 
on the brigades of Hall and Harrow, then concentrates itself on that of 
Webb. The Confederates pierce 
the first line of the Federals, 
but the latter fall back upon 
the second small earth -works 
near the artillery. These pieces 
now fire grape-shot. Hancock 
and Gibbon hurry up the re- 
serves. Hall rectifies his line, 
which has been outflanked on 
the right, Harrow advances with 
his left, and almost takes Pickett 
in reverse. The regiments be- 
come mixed; commanders do 
not know where their soldiers 
are ; the fighting is the struggle 
of a mob. Commands are of no 

avail: they cannot be heard or obeyed. A clump of trees just within 
the angle-wall is the Confederate objective point. Armistead, on foot, 
his hat waved on the point of his sword, rushes forward to attack the 
battery. With one hundred and fifty devoted men, who will follow 
him anywhere, he pierces the mass of combatants, passes the earth- 
works, and reaches Cushing's guns, which can no longer fire for fear of 
killing friends. Cushing, mortally wounded in both thighs, runs his 




GENERAL HANCOCK, 1863. 



88 



last serviceable gun down to the fence, and shouts: "Webb, I will 
give them one more shot." He fires the gun, calls out: "Good-bye!" 
and falls dead beside his piece. Armistead answers the challenge: 
"Give them the cold steel, boys!" and lays his hand upon a gun. 
But, at that moment, by the side of Gushing, his young and gallant 
adversary, intrepid Armistead falls, pierced with balls. They both lie 
at the foot of the clump of trees, which marks the extreme point reached 






^t^^ 






''( 







.v4'-<^r^^_/^ 



WHERE THE CONFEDERATE CAUSE WAS BURIED. 



by the Confederates in this, their supremest effort. Where Gushing and 
Armistead lie is where the tide of invasion stops. The Gonfederate cause 
is buried there: there, beneath the blood of as brave soldiers as ever 
carried sword or faced the march of death. The men who came forward 
here, when defeated, did not fall back : there was no one left to return. 
The brigades of Wilcox and Perry, failing to move with Pickett's 
division, having sheltered themselves for a moment, no sooner see that 
Pickett has gone forward and penetrated the Union line, than they 



89 



hurry up to assault a little further to the south, in Hancock's face. 
The Union line attacks with vigor, and Stannard attacks the exposed 
flank from his vantage-ground. But feeble resistance is offered: the 
assault is over quickly, numbers are taken prisoner, and the grandest 
charge of the war is spent. The battle of Gettysburg is won. For, 
with the exception of two spirited and desperate cavalry -contests 
between Gregg and Hampton, and Kilpatrick and Stuart, the fighting 
at Gettysburg is finished. Well may the devout follower of the cause 
of human liberty exclaim, with the commanding general of the Union 
army: "Thank God!" 




^I^e Yalley of \\)e ^l)adow of ueoil). 




HAT remained of the regiments 
that crossed the Potomac on their 
way North, in June, under the 
command of colonels, recrossed 
that river in July under the com- 
mand of corporals. It was thus 
that proud Army of Northern Vir- 
ginia returned to the Old Dominion. 
The first part of Lee's army 
to retreat — the wounded — began 
their weary blood-stained journey 
on July 4th. General Imboden, 
who was designated by the Con- 
federate chieftain to undertake the 
moving of the wounded, was sent 
for just before midnight, July 3d. 
An hour later, he saw his chief riding slowly up to headquarters. His 
horse was walking: its rider was evidently wrapped in profound thought. 
There were no sentinels on guard save the soft summer moon, which 
threw sad shadows over the blood -bestrewn field, now and forever lost 
to this silent man in gray. No staff-officer accompanied him ; he came 
alone, as if the burden of the day's disaster had stripped him of his 
friends, as it had of his cause. Riding alone, he seemed the personifica- 
tion of the Lost Cause — lost on the fields of Gettysburg, now covered by 
thousands of weary men, thousands of wounded, thousands of the dead! 
(90) 



"WAR." 

Gettysburg Battle Moaument. 



91 



As he approached and noticed the young general, Lee reined up 
his horse and essayed to dismount. The effort to do so betrayed so 
much physical exhaustion that Imboden stepped forward to assist 
him. He alighted, threw his arm across his saddle to rest himself, and 
fixing his eyes upon the ground, leaned in silence upon his weary 
horse, as motionless as a statue. Upon his dignified and expressive 
features was stamped the deepest seal of sadness. Imboden broke 
the silence : " General, this has been a hard day on you." Lee looked 
up and replied mournfully : " Yes, it has been a sad, sad day to us." 
Then he relapsed into his thoughtful mood again. After a minute 
broken only by the strange sounds of night, he straightened up to his 
full height, and said, with great animation, energy, and excitement of 
manner, in a voice tremulous with emotion: "General, I never saw 
troops behave more magnificently than Pickett's division of Virginians 
did to-day in their grand charge upon the enemy. And, if they had 
been supported as they were to have been — but for some reason not yet 
fully explained they were not— we would have held the position they 
so gloriously won at such fearful loss of noble lives, and the day would 
have been ours." After a moment he added, almost in a tone of agony: 
"Too bad! Too lad! Oh, too bad!" 

After a pause, instructions were given, and Imboden started to lead 
the weary march back to Virginia. Organizing his train, seventeen 
miles long, he moved at 4 P. M., July 4th. Hardly was he well away 
from the heavy shadows of Gettysburg when the storm, which had 
begun at noon, grew to a gale. Canvas was no shield against it, and 
the poor wounded, lying upon the hard naked boards of the wagon- 
bodies, were drenched by the pitiless rain. Horses and mules, blinded 
and maddened by the storm, became almost unmanageable. The roar 
of the winds and waters made it almost impossible to communicate 
orders. From the rapidly -moving wagons, now partly covered by the 



92 



falling night, issued wails of agony. The men were wounded and 
mutilated in every conceivable way. Some had their legs shattered by 
a shell or a minie-ball, some were shot through their bodies, others had 

arms torn to shreds, some had received 

a ball in the face, or a jagged piece 

of shell had lacerated their heads. 

Scarcely one in a hundred had received 

adequate surgical aid. Many had been 

without food for thirty -six hours. 

Their ragged, bloody, and dirty clothes, 

clotted and hardened with blood, rasped 

the tender inflamed lips of their gaping 

wounds. Very few of the wagons had 

even straw in them, and all were with- 

|l' out springs. The road was rough and 

rocky ; the jolting was enough to 

, ^i il Pi]li| ijave killed strong men. As the liorses 

trotted on, while the winds howled 

PLENTY." through the driving rain, there arose, 

from that awful procession of the 

dying, oaths and curses, sobs and prayers, moans and shrieks, that 

pierced the darkness and made the storm seem gentle: 

"Oh, God! why can't I die?" 

" My God ! will no one have mercy on me, and kill me, and end my 
misery ? " 

" Oh, stop one minute ! Take me out ; let me die on the roadside." 
" I am dying ! I am dying ! My poor wife — my dear children — what 
will become of you ?" 

No help could be rendered to anyone. There was no time even to 
press a canteen to the lips of the dying. On, on, was the only thing 







Gettysburg Battle Monumeut. 



98 



on into the night and storm— into the Valley of the Shadow of Death — 
into oblivion. 

The battle was lost ; the cause was decided. Liberty was triumph- 
ant ; slavery was abolished in the American republic forever. By the 
time the first part of the Confederate army of invasion disappeared over 
the mountain, in retreat, maimed and discomfited, Meade had learned 
tbe results of the fray, and had time to value the fruits of his victory. 

It is not desirable here to 
offer any criticism of the conduct 
of this great battle. Everybody 
who has written about it has done 
so with much animus against some 
general or other. The present 
compiler has no criticisms of this 
kind to make. General Lee's cause 
of the defeat of the Confederate 
forces is found in his words quoted 
above. That he fought his troops 
better than General Meade is but 
little disparagement to the Union 
leader, who was pitted against a 
veteran soldier, commanding an 
army which had been molded and 
trained under his own eye, and 
which he had led to triumph on many a hard-fonght field, thus giving 
to the veterans who composed it a devotion to their chief, and an enthu- 
siasm for him, that were worth many heavy battalions. Meade, on the 
other hand, had commanded the Army of the Potomac just three days. 
ITe had never before exercised an independent command, and had only 
led a division in battle— the Fifth Corps, which he commanded at Chan- 




"PEACE" 

Gettysburg Battle Monument. 



94 



cellorsville, not having been seriously engaged in that disastrous fight. 
The Army of the Potomac was, too, dispirited by frequent defeats, and the 
corps and dlAosion commanders were, from political and other reasons, far 
from being that compact and earnestly-united band of leaders that the 
cause, the time, and duty should have made them. At such a moment, 
every man's best was what was demanded. 

Although no criticism has been attempted in this story, a word is 
necessary upon the so-often repeated question put by those CA^en who are 
not versed in the science of war: Why did not Meade attack Lee 
immediately upon the failure of Pickett's charge ? Several of the par- 
ticipating generals gave it— in their testimony before the Committee on 
the Conduct of the War — as their opinion that, had Meade ordered a 
counter-charge upon the repulse of Pickett, for which the fresh troops 
of Sedgwick were at hand, Lee might have been routed and his army 
destroyed. Hancock, indeed, sent a note from his hospital-bed, urging 
Meade to go forward. But Meade had not Hancock, nor Sickles, nor 
Reynolds, nor Warren, nor Doubleday, Gibbon, Barlow, Butterfield, 
Vincent, Weed, Zook, Graham, Stone, Paul, Barnes, nor Brooke to direct 
such a charge ; and the enemy, expecting such a movement, was very 
well prepared to meet it. In good position and behind breast- works, the 
very conditions which made Longstreet's assault so difficult for him 
would have been against Meade, and in favor of the Confederates. Long- 
street tells us, indeed, that he was in readiness, and " would have counted 
such an assault a rare piece of good-fortune." No one, indeed, can view 
the scene of Pickett's charge, and not wonder why Lee was so foolish as 
to order it. Meade, therefore, was more than justified in not making a 
similar blunder. Few of this officer's critics would have acted other- 
wise, had they been in supreme command. From the safe distance of a 
score of years, it is eavSy to condemn. On July 3d, 1863, we should 
probably have felt cautious and conservative. 



95 



As it was, Meade, with all the faults committed, had fought and won 
a j^''eat battle : indeed, a very great battle — one of the decisive engage- 
ments of history. Not only in the results that were immediately de- 
pendent upon the issue— involving the fate of slavery and the Southern 
cause — was this a great battle, but for 
its own size and proportions. Let us 
look at the statistics, upon which there 
are many opinions, varying quite widely. 
The figures of the Count de Paris, in his 
" Civil War in America," which are en- 
dorsed by General Doubleday in his 
" Chancellorsville and Gettysburg," are 
those given here. The count says: 



The strength of the two armies has 
given rise to lively discussions. The 
returns, used at the North and South 
in similar forms, have been increased 
by some and reduced by others at their | 
own pleasure. These returns were un- 
der three heads: the first represented 
the total number of officers and soldiers 
inscribed on the rolls, whether absent or 
present; the second represented those 
present on active duty, comprising all 




"HISTO'RY." 
Gettysburg Battle Monument. 



men who were in the field-hospitals, under arrest, or detached on special 
service ; the third contained the real number of combatants present under 
arms. The first head was therefore quite fictitious ; the second mentioned 
the number of men to be fed in the army, including non-combatants; 
the third, the effective force that could be brought on the battle-field. 
The latter number is evidently the most important to know ; but, as we 
have observed, it varied greatly, for a long march in a week of bad 
weather was sufficient to fill the hospitals. In ordinary times, it was 
from twelve to eighteen per cent, less than under the second head. It 




GETTYSBURG BATTLE MONUMENT. 



97 

did not even always represent exactly the precise number of combatants: 
in fact, when, after a long march, the stragglers did not answer to roll-call, 
they were not immediately set down as deserters, which would have 
caused them to lose a portion of their pay ; a few days' grace was 
granted to them, and the result was that thousands of soldiers, separated 
from their commands, followed the army at a distance, unable to take 
part in any battle, and yet figuring on the returns as able-bodied com- 
batants. In this respect, there was much more tolerance shown in the 
Union army than among the Confederates ; on this account, the falling- 
off in the number of combatants is a new source of mistakes and discus- 
sions. 

We have stated that this diminution amounted to thirteen thou- 
sand, for the Army of the Potomac, between the 10th of June and 
the 4th of July. We will sjjare the reader the details of our calcula- 
tions, simply presenting the figures that have been given us, which we 
believe to be as near the truth as possible. 

The Army of the Potomac, without French's division, which had not 
gone beyond Frederick, numbered on its returns, on the 30th of June, 
167,251 men, more than 21,000 of whom were on detached service, and 
nearly 28,000 in the hospitals. The number of men present with their 
corps was 112,988, and that of men under arms, 99,475 ; but this last 
figure included those doing duty at headquarters, who formed a total of 
2,750 men who could not be counted among the combatants. Stannard's 
and Lockwood's brigades having brought Meade a reinforcement of 
about five thousand men on the 1st of July, the efiective forces borne on 
the returns may be stated as follows : 

Troops taking no part in battle, 2,750 

Artillery, 7,000 

Cavalry, 10,500 

Infantry, 85,500 

Total, 105,750 

And 352 pieces of artillery. 

The artillery and infantry, which were alone seriously engaged, 
even on the battle-field of Gettysburg, form, therefore, a total of about 
ninety-one thousand men and three hundred and twenty-seven pieces of 
cannon, Meade having left twenty-five heavy guns in reserve at West- 
minster. But, in order to ascertain the real number of combatants that 
7 



98 



the Union p;cnoral conld bring into line, it is proper to deduct from three 
to four thousand, left as additional i^uards near the supply-trains, the 
batteries remaining at Westminster, and for all men detached on extra 
duty, and from four to live thousand for the stragglers entered on the 
returns. The latter were the much more numerous on account of the 
fact that, the returns having only been prepared at the end of July, all 
those who joined the army after the battle were entered jis being 
present; so that these rolls only represent the number of those absent 
without leave at the totally msiguilicaut figure of 3,21)2. This deduction 






'/^ 



^*ii8*iMiiiii 




PENNSYLVANIA COLLEGE (Old Building). 



makes the effective forces of Meade amount to from eighty-two to 
eighty-four thousand men. 

The Army of Northern Virginia, on the 31st of May, 1863, con- 
tained an effective force of 88,754 officers and soldiers present, 74,468 of 
whom were under arms. The latter consisted of: 

General staff and infantry, 50,420 

Cavalry, 10,292 

Artillery, 4,756 

Total, 74,468 

And 206 pieces of artillery. 

During the month of June, its effective force was increased by the 
return of a certain number of sick, who, thanks to the mild weather, 



99 



had been restored to health, and those who had been wounded at the 
battle of Chancellorsville, by tlie arrival of recruits, the result of the 
conscription-law, and by the addition of four brigades — two of infantry 
under Pettigrew and Davis, one of cavalry under Jenkins, and one made 
up of mixed troops under Iniboden. The first was nearly four thousand 
strong; that of Davis, consisting of four regiments which are not borne 
on the returns of the 31st of May, although two of them had formerly 
belonged to the army, numbered about twenty- two hundred men ; the 
other two contained each about the same effective force. The increase 



■l„ 







PENNSYLVANIA COLLEGE (Present Building). 



of artillery amounted to fifteen batteries, comprising sixty-two pieces of 
cannon and about eight hundred men. On the other hand, this effective 
force was diminished, first, by the absence of Corse's brigade of Pickett's 
division, and one regiment of Pettigrew's brigade left at Hanover Junc- 
tion, and three regiments of Early's division left at Winchester — say 
about three thousand five hundred men ; then by the losses sustained in 
the battles of Fleetwood, Winchester, and Aldie, amounting to fourteen 
hundred men ; finally by the admission to the hospitals of men unable 
to bear the fatigue of the long marches which the army had to make, 



100 

and by the absence of those who, voluntarily or otherwise, remained 
behind during these marches. Jt is difficult to reckon precisely the 
number of the disabled, of stragglers, and of deserters that the army 
had lost during the month of June. Private information and the com- 
parison of some figures lead us to believe that it was not very large, and 
did not exceed five per cent, of the effective force of the army- say three 
thousand seven hundred and fifty men in all. We can therefore estimate 
the diminution of the army at about three thousand seven hundred men 
on the one hand, and its increase, on the other hand, by the addition of 
three brigades and some artillery, at seven thousand. We believe that 
the difference of seventeen hundred between these two figures must be 
lessened at least from one thousand to twelve hundred, by the return of 
the sick and wounded and the arrival of a number of conscripts ; that, 
consequently, the Army of Northern Virginia arrived on the battle-field 
of Gettysburg with about five thousand combatants more than it had on 
the 31st of May, 1863^that is to say, in the neighborhood of eighty 
thousand men. As we have done in regard to the Federal army, in 
order to find out the amount of force really assembled on the battle-field, 
we will deduct the number of mounted men, which was increased by 
Jenkins's and Imboden's forces, and reduced in the same proportion,* 
making about eleven thousand men ; and we may conclude that, durmg 
the first three days of July, 1863, Lee brought from sixty-eight to sixty- 
nine thousand men and two hundred and fifty gunsf against the eighty- 
two or eighty-four thousand Unionists with three hundred guns collected 
on this battle-field. Meade had, therefore, from eighteen to nineteen 
thousand men more than his adversary — a superiority of nearly one- 
fourth, which, unfortunately for him, he was unable to turn to advan- 
tage 

The losses on both sides were nearly equal, and enormous for the 
number of combatants engaged for they amounted to twenty-seven per 
cent on the side of the Federals, and more than thirtj'-six per cent, for 
the Confederates. Upon this point also, the official reports are precise. 
The Federals lost 2,834 killed, 13,709 w^ounded, and 6,645 prisoners— 



~ Twelve hundred cavalrymen lost in the battles of Fleetwood, Aldie, Upper- 
viUe, and Hanover, two hundred maimed or sick 

t These figures relate to the guns actually on the battle-field, deducting those 
attached to Stuart s command on the one hand, and to Pieasonton s on the other 



101 

23,186 men in all ; the Confederates, 2,665 killed, 12,599 wounded, and 
7,464 missing— 22,728 men in all; which, with the 300 men killed or 
wounded in the cavalry on the 2d and 3d, foot up their total losses at a 
little more than 23,000 men ; that is to say, precisely the same number 
as those of their adversaries. These figures, however, do not yet convey 
a correct idea of the injury the two armies had inflicted upon each other 
in these bloody battles. Thus, while the Federal reports acknowledge 
only 2,834 killed, the reports made by the hospitals bear evidence to the 
burial of 3,575 Union corpses : the number of dead in the Army of the 
Potomac may be estimated at about four thousand, one thousand or 
eleven hundred having died of their wounds. On the other hand, 
Meade has 13,621 Confederate prisoners ; but, as there are 7,262 wounded 
among them, there only remain 6,359 able-bodied men. The number of 
7,464, reckoned by Lee as the number of men missing, must therefore 
represent, besides these able-bodied prisoners, most of the men seriously 
wounded during the attack made by Pickett and Heth, and abandoned 
on the battle-field. We must therefore estimate the number of Confed- 
erate wounded at more than thirteen thousand six hundred. It is 
reasonable to suppose that, after the combat, the number of their dead 
increased more rapidly for a few days than in the Union army. 

The battle which was so murderous for all was particularly so for 
those su]perior oflQeers who had most gallantly exposed themselves on 
both sides and fallen by hundreds. The Confederates found, at the 
close of the day, that Major-Generals Hood, Pender, Trimble, and Heth 
were wounded, Pender mortally ; Brigadier-Generals Barksdale and 
Garnett were killed, and Somms mortally wounded. Brigadier-Generals 
Kemper, Armistead, Scales, G. T. Anderson, Hampton, J. "W. Jones, and 
Pettigrew were wounded, and Archer was a prisoner. The Northern 
cause had lost Major-General Reynolds and Brigadier-Generals Vincent, 
Weed, and Zook. Major-Generals Sickles, Hancock, Doubleday, Gibbon, 
Barlow, Warren, and Butterfield, and Brigadier-Generals Graham, Paul, 
Stone, Barnes, and Brooke were wounded. The triumph had been more 
than costly, and, amid " the thunder of the captains and the shouting," 
was heard the wail for the thousands dead. 



>9e Dunal of tpe Dead. 



INDEPENDENCE DAY, 1863— so freshly consecrated for the North 
at Gettysburg and Vicksburg — found the victors in the three days' 
fight preparing to bury the dead and soothe the last hours of the 
dying. The battle-field was still red with blood, and those who had been 
struck lay where they fell. Professor Jacobs, of Gettysburg, who was 
an eye-witness of the struggle, says in his " Later Rambles" : " The work 




THE ROSTRUM, NATIONAL CEMETERY. 

of interring 9,000 dead and removing about 20,000 wounded to comfort- 
able quarters was an herculean task. The rebel army had left the most 
of their dead lying unburied on the field, as also large numbers of 
their badly-wounded. There was considerable delay in properly inter- 
ring the corpses that lay on the field of battle. It was only after rebel 
prisoners, who had been captured in the vicinity after the battle, were 
impressed into this service, especially that of covering up the bodies 
of their fallen comrades, that the work was finally completed. The men 
(102) 



103 



were buried everywhere. When they could conveniently be brought 
together, they were buried in clusters of ten, twenty, fifty, or more ; but 
so great was their number, and such the advanced stage of decomposition 
of those that had lain on the field for several days during the hot 
weather of July, together with the unavoidable delay, that they could 
not be removed. In gardens, and fields, and by the roadside, just as 
they were found lying, a shallow ditch 
was dug, and they were placed in it and 
covered up as hastily as possible." 

"When, therefore," says Bates, in 
his " Martial Deeds of Pennsylvania," 
"the friends of the dead came sorrow- 
ing to seek their lifeless remains, they 
were struck with horror at the imperfect 
manner in which the burials had been 
executed. No one was more strongly 
impressed with the duty of immediately 
providing for the proper interment of 
these fallen patriots than Governor 
Curtin, the Executive of Pennsylvania. 
He entrusted the business of maturing 
a plan to Mr. David Wills, of Gettys- 
burg. This gentleman, acting under the 

Governor's instructions, purchased a plot of ground of some seventeen 
acres on Cemetery Hill, adjoining the village cemetery on the north and 
west, where the centre of the Union line of battle had rested, and where 
the guns of Steinwehr and the men of the Eleventh Corps fought. The 
eighteen States whose troops gained the battle joined in this enterprise. 
By an Act of Legislature, the title to the ground was vested in the State 
of Pennsylvania, in trust for all the States having dead buried there, and 




BOY, CARLISLE INDIAN SCHOOL. 



104 



a corporate body was created consisting of one from each State, to serve 
"VPitliout pay, to whom its care was entrusted, the expense to be borne in 
proportion to the representation in Congress." 

The grounds were laid out by William Saunders, and, on the 27th of 
October, 1863, the work of disinterring and reinterring the dead began. 
This work — ^the removal of 3,512 bodies — was completed on the 18th of 
March, 1864. Of the entire number interred in the National Cemetery^ 
Maine had 104 ; New Hampshire, 49 ; Vermont, 61 ; Massachusetts, 159 ; 
Ehode Island, 12 ; Connecticut, 22 ; New York, 8C7 ; New Jersey, 73 ; 

Pennsylvania, 534; Delaware, 15; Mary- 
land, 22; West Virginia, 11; Ohio, 131; 
Indiana, 80; Illinois, 6; Michigan, 171; 
Wisconsin, 73 ; Minnesota, 52 ; U. S. Reg- 
ulars, 138; Unknown, 979. 

The cemetery is enclosed on the south, 
west, and north sides by a solid wall of 
masonry, surmounted with a hea^y dressed 
i\ coping-stone, and on the east by an iron 
fence, separating it from the Adllage ceme- 
tery, which gave the name to the hill. 
The monument, which is the centre of the 
encircling graves, was designed by J. G. Batterson, of Hartford, Conn., 
who thus explains its intention: 

" The whole rendering of the design is intended to be purely his- 
torical, telling its own story with such simplicity that any discerning 
mind will readily comprehend its meaning and purpose. The super- 
structure is sixty feet high, having a massive pedestal, twenty-five feet 
square at the base, and is crowned with a colossal statue representing 
the Genius of Liberty. Standing upon a three-quarter globe, she 
raises with her right hand the victor's Avreath of laurel, while witli the 




GIRL, CARLISLE INDIAN SCHOOL. 



105 



left she gathers up tlie fokls of our national flag, under which the victory- 
has been won. Projecting 
from the angles of the ped- 
estal are four buttresses, sup- 
porting an equal number of 
allegorical statues, represent- 
ing respectively War, History, 
Peace, and Plenty. "War" 
is personified by a statue of 
the American soldier, who, 
resting from the conflict, re- 
lates to " History " the story of 
the battle which this monu- 
ment is intended to commemo- 
rate. "History," in listening 
attitude, records with stylus 
and tablet the achievements 



of the field, and the names of ^^^ 
the honored dead. " Peace " is 




symbolized by a statue of the / // 
American mechanic, character- 
ized by appropriate accessories. '^ 
" Plenty " is represented by a *- ^, 
female figure, with a sheaf of r,„^ -^ 
wheat and fruits of the earth, 
typifying peace and abundance *i '^ 

as the soldier's crowning tri- ' » 
umph. The main die of the 
pedestal is octagonal in form, paneled upon each face. The cornice and 
plinth above are also octagonal, and are heavily molded. Upon this 



BOY, CARLISLE INDIAN SCHOOL, 



106 



plinth rests an octagonal molded base, bearing upon its face, in high 
relief, the national arms. The upper die and cap are circular in form, the 
die being encircled by stars equal in number with the States whose sons 
contributed their lives as the price of the victory won at Gettysburg." 

The cemetery was consecrated on the 19th of November, 1864. The 
oration was delivered by Edward Everett, of Massachusetts, and was an 
eloquent and impressive address. The address of dedication was deliv- 
ered by the President, in that simple inspired style of which he at times 
was such a conspicuous master. His words will last contemporaneous 
with the fame of the great struggle. Mr. Luicoln said : 

" Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth upon this 
continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the propo- 
sition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great 
civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation, so conceived and 
so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that 
war. "We are met to dedicate a portion of it as the final resting-place of 
those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is alto- 
gether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, 
we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. 
The brave men, li^dng and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it 
far above our power to add or detract. The world vdU little note nor long 
remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. 
It is for us, the living, rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work 
that they have thus far so nobly carried on. It is rather for us to be 
here dedicated to the great task remaining before us — that from these 
honored dead we take increased devotion to the cause for which they 
here gave the last full measure of devotion — that we here highly resolve 
that the dead shall not have died in vain — that the nation shall, under 
God, have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, 
by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." 



107 



Of this exquisite effort, which drew tears to the eyes of everyone 
that heard it, the Westminster Review said, in an uncontrollable burst of 
admiration : " This oration has but one equal : in that pronounced upon 
those who fell during the first year of the Peloponnesian War ; and, in 
one respect, it is superior to that great speech. It is not only natural, 
fuller of feeling, more touching and pathetic, but we know with abso- 
lute certainty that it was really delivered. Nature here really takes 
precedence of art, even though it be the art of Thucydides." 

The monument was completed in 1868. Mr. Lincoln's matchless 
speech, cast in bronze, was added to the original design. The granite 
of the monument was procured from Westerly, K. I., the marble of the 
figures from Cararra. It was dedicated July 1st, 1869, on which occa- 
sion General Meade delivered an address. Governor O. P. Morton, of 
Indiana, an oration, and Bayard Taylor a poem. From this last we 
extract the fitting lines of the conclusion: 

"Thus, in her seat secure, 
Where now no distant menaces can reach her, 
At last in undivided freedom pure, 
She sits, til' unwilling world's unconscious teacher ; 
And, day by day, beneath serener skies, 
Th' unshaken pillars of her palace rise— 
The Doric shafts, that lightly upward press, 
And hide in grace their giant massiveness. 
What though the sword has hewn each corner-stone, 
And precious blood cements the deep foundation ? 
Never by other force have empires grown ; 
From other basis never rose a nation ! 
For strength is born of struggle, faith of doubt. 
Of discord law, and freedom of oppression. 
We hail from Pisgah, with exulting shout, 
The Promised Land below us, bright with sun, 
And deem its pastures won, 

Ere toil and blood have earned us their possession ! 
Each aspiration of our human earth 
Becomes an act through keenest pangs of birth ; 
Each force, to bless, must cease to be a dream, 
And conquer life through agony supreme; 



108 

Each inborn right must outwardly be tested 

By stern material weapons, ere it stand 

In th' enduring fabric of the land, 

Secured for those who yielded it, and those who wrested! 

This they have done for us who slumber here, 

Awake, alive, though now so dumbly sleeping ; 

Spreading the board, but tasting not its cheer ; 

Sowing, but never reaping ; 

Building, but never sitting in the shade 

Of the strong mansion they have made; 

Speaking their words of life with mighty tongue, 

But hearing not the echo, million-voiced. 

Of brothers who rejoiced, 

From all our river-vales and mountains flung! 

So take them, heroes of the songful past ! 

Open your ranks : let every shining troop 

Its phantom banners droop, 

To hail earth's noblest martyrs, and her last! 

Take them, O God ! our brave. 

The glad fulfillers of Thy dread decree ; 

Who grasped the sword for peace, and smote to save, 

And, dying here for freedom, died for Thee!" 

The cemetery is now a most fitting home for the dead. From the 
base of the monument, the view over miles of fertile fields, to the blue 
and distant mountains, is a most exquisite one. There is repose in 
every line of the picture — there is peace cA^erywhere. It seems as if 
nature, so prompt to recognize what is meet to be done, had laid here 
her gentlest commands, and, in the years that have elapsed since 1863, 
the trees have rounded out their forms, the grass has grown green and 
smooth, the flowers have offered their rarest blossoms. And over it all, 
guarding the entrance to the sacred spot, full of firm dignity, stands the 
statue of General Reynolds : 

"The noblest Eoman of them all!" 

fittingly continuing, in his marble beauty, the care of the soldier and 
the honor of his country, which were his life-work and his pride. 



109 



A word must be said, before leaving the story of the battle, as 
there will be many queries, about John Burns ; and it may as well be 
said in this place. Here is his portrait, which is fairly faithful, and 



i' ' 




here the words of Bret Harte which have given Burns immortality. 
They are not absolutely accurate, but represent the popular sentiment 
concerning the part which he bore in the great battle: 

"Have you heard the story the gossips tell 
Of John Burns, of Gettysburg? No? Ah well, 
Brief is the glory that hero earns. 
Briefer the story of poor John Burns ; 
He was the fellow who won renown — 
The only man who didn't back down 
When the rebels rode through his native town ; 
But held his own in the fight next day, 
When all his townsfolk ran away. 
Tiiat was in July, sixty-three— 



110 

The very day that General Lee, 
The flower of Southern chivalry, 
Baffled and beaten, backward reeled 
From a stubborn Meade and a barren field, 

I might tell how, but the day before, 
John Burns stood at his cottage-door, 
Looking down the village-street; 
Where, in the shade of his peaceful vine, 
He heard the low of his gathered kine. 
And felt their breath with incense sweet; 
Or, I might say, Avhen the sunset burned 
The old farm gable, he thought it turned 
The milk, that fell in a babbling flood 
Into the milk-pail, red as blood; 
Or how he fancied the hum of bees 
Were bullets buzzing among the trees. 
But all such fanciful thoughts as these 
Were strange to a practical man like Bums, 
Who minded only his own concerns. 
Troubled no more by fancies fine 
Than one of his calm-eyed long-tailed kine— 
Quite old-fashioned and matter-of-fact. 
Slow to argue, but quick to act. 
That was the reason, as some folks say, 
He fought so well on that terrible day. 

And it was terrible. On the right 

Raged for hours the heavy fight. 

Thundered the battery's double-bass — 

Difficult music for men to face ; 

While on the left— where now the graves 

Undulate like the living waves 

That all the day unceasing swept 

Up to the pits the rebels kept — 

Round-shot ploughed the upland glades, 

Sown with bullets, reaped with blades; 

Shattered fences here and there 

Tossed their splinters in the air; 

The very trees were stripped and bare; 

The barns that once held yellow grain 

Were heaped Avith harvests of the slain ; 

The cattle bellowed on the plain. 

The turkeys screamed Avith might and main, 

And brooding barn-fowl left their rest 

With strange shells bursting in each nest. 



I 



Ill 

Just where the tide of battle turns, 
Erect and lonely, stood old John Bums, 

How do you think the man was dressed? 
He wore an ancient long buff vest — 
Yellow as saffron, but his best; 
And buttoned over his manly breast 
Was a bright blue coat, with a rolling collar 
And large gilt buttons — size of a dollar— 
W th tails that country-folk call "swaller." 
He wore a broad-brimmed bell-crowned hat, 
White as the locks on which it sat. 
Never had such a sight been seen 
For forty years on the village-green, 
Since John Burns was a country-beau, 
And went to the " quilting," long ago. 

Close at his elbows, all that day. 
Veterans of the Peninsula, 
Simburnt and bearded, charged away, 
And striplings, downy of lip and chin — 
Clerks that the Home Guard mustered in — 
Glanced, as they passed, at the hat he Avore, 
Then at the rifle his right hand bore, 
And hailed him, from out their youthful lore, 
With scraps of a slangy repertoire : 
"How are you, White Hat?" "Put her through!" 
'fYour head's level!" and "Bully for you!" 
Called him "Daddy," and begged he'd disclose 
The name of the tailor who made his clothes, 
And what was the value he set on those ; 
While Burns, unmindful of jeer and scoif, 
Stood there picking the rebels off— 
With his long brown rifle and bell-crown hat 
And the swallow-tails they were laughing ai. 

'Twas but a moment : for that respect 

Which clothes all courage their voices cheeked ; 

And something the wildest could understand 

Spake in the old man's strong right hand. 

And his corded throat, and the lurking frown 

Of his eyebrows under his old bell-crown ; 

Until, as they gazed, there crept an awe 

Through the ranks, in whispers, and some men saw. 

In the antique vestments and long white hair, 

The Past of the Nation in battle there. 



112 

And some of the soldiers since declare 
That the gleam of his old white hat afar, 
Like the crested plume of the brave Navarre, 
That day Avas their oriflamme of war. 
Thus raged the battle. You know the rest : 
HoAv the rebels, beaten and backward pressed, 
Broke at the final charge and ran ; 
At which John Burns, a practical man, 
Shouldered his rifle, unbent his brows, 
And then went back to his bees and cows. 

This is the story of old John Burns— 
This is the moral the reader learns : 
In fighting the battle, the question's whether 
You'll show a hat that's white, or a feather. 




^I^e oumberland Yalley. 




IN CAMP. 



^HE pilgrim to Gettysburg is happily 
obliged to travel through the Cumber- 
land Valley for a portion of his jour- 
ney, a fact he will never live to regret. 
This valley is part of the land of 
promise. It is fertile, inviting, pic- 
turesque. It brings the traveler the 
sweetest sense of repose, in miles of 
green and glowing fields, in the acres 
of ripening gra-in, in the woods and hedges, in the distant blue and 
graceful mountains. 

Humboldt, in the midst of tropical si^lendors^ found time to keenly 
regret the lowly German meadow of his fatherland, and felt that, while 
away from it, his heart insensibly grew older. Under the glowing trop- 
ical sky he was fain to confine his glances to the earth ; and this earth, 
scorched and calcined l:)y the sun, was nothing better than a sandy waste. 
The remembrance of the fresh green turf of the German land came back 
upon the traveler's mind with irresistible force. For the smallest flower 
that grew before his own door, he would have given all the magical 
wealth of the forests of Guiana. 

And so it is with us ; we love the meadow. It teaches us to believe 
in eternal youth, or at least through its yearly- verdant turf it gives 
promise to the soul, and tells it that we cannot die. 

The Cumberland Valley rejoices in a shower of summer blessings 
that are regal in their quantity. Nothing seems so generous to man as 
8 (113) 



114 



a field of ripening grain. Its beauty is to be found in its entirety, in its 
rolling waves, which, as they burn and glow, return to the hot sky of 
August ardor for ardor. The yellow oats, which are already ripe when 
the wheat is only flowering, possess a solitary beauty. Theirs is not the 
erect close ear, rising from the extremity of the ujjright stem. They 
droop and bend, as if somewhat weary of their burden. Wheat undu- 
lates ; oats balance. Under the influence of the wind, the wheat-field is 
one ; it is the rising or sinking wave, which ever moves in accordance 




A CUMBERLAND VALLEY FARMER'S BARN AND HOUSE. 



with the general swell. There is no undulation in the less compact, less 
united, but more vaporous oats, with its too-pliant sprays. Oppressed by 
the wind, it flings to and fro its ears, like a sea dashing against a reef. 
The struggle is unequal ; it yields to the breeze, and is seemingly torn 
up by the roots and swept away. 

These seas of grain surround and beat their billows everywhere in 
this valley upon the farm-houses and the great bams. Along the roads* 
leading to them are heavy lingering wagons, slowly taking their way, 
carrying their loads of grass or grain, which, dead, in the evening moisture 



115 



yield, more abundantly than when alive, the sweetness of their innocent 
perfumes. These wagons, these farms, these fields, that stretch away 
from our car-window, follow and express the movement of the year. The 
annual cycle is feebly felt within the great city : it is on the farm, within 
the meadow-bounds, that the rhythm and clock of time are best real- 
ized. And from no train on all the iron highways of Pennsylvania can 
the seasons be so well watched as here. Beyond the fields are always 
mountains, the north and south chains. There is something tempting in 
the outlines of these hills — the tempting invitation to climb them and 
view what is beyond. It is the same feeling that animated the man who 
first, from the plain of the Pampas, saw the sublime crest of the Cor- 
dilleras touching heaven, and had but one desire— to discover what lay 
concealed beyond the barrier, Vasco Nuiiez de Balboa, the companion 
of Pizarro, enjoyed the intoxication of this first glance, but only from 
the hills of Panama. So sings Keats, but mistakes the real hero : 

"Or, like stout Cortez, when with eagle eyes 
He stared at the Pacific, and all his men 
Looked at each other Avith a wild surmise. 
Silent, upon a peak in Darien." 

And yet this mountain-chain, which makes the silhouette of our 
horizon, is but a thin screen between this valley and the valley and 
plain beyond. It continues for many miles above and below Carlisle, 
the first place of importance after leaving Harrisburg, going down the 
valley, or leaving Chambersburg and coming up. Here the pilgrim will 
do well to halt. The place can well win half a day of time. 

This place at once attracts the traveler by its beauty, and furnishes 
a solid reason for lingering. Here is located the Indian Training-School, 
which, during the five years it has been in operation, has justly won a 
national fame. The buildings occupied by the school are very pleasantly 
located on a large property at the north end of the town, and have been 



116 



in the possession of the Government since the Revolution. The original 
buildings, six or seven in number, were erected during the Kevolution, 




CARLISLE INDIAN SCHOOL. 
Three bo^-s as they looked before being civilized. 



by the Hessians who were captured by Washington at Trenton, and 
made to work out some jneasure of their offense upon the Carlisle bar- 



117 



racks. Being remote from the scene of active operations, they were used 
by the colonist authorities as a recruiting-post and as a place for the 
detention of prisoners of war. For many years prior to the late civil 
war, the barracks was used as a training-school for the diiferent arms of 
the service — cavalry, artillery, and infantry — and many of the officers 
who won fame on the battle-fields of that unfortunate' strife saw service 
at the Carlisle barracks. The buildings erected during the Revolution 
became so dilapidated during the second quarter of the present century, 
that it was decided to rebuild them ; and, in 183G, that work was 
accomplished. These remained standing until Lee invaded the North, in 
the Gettysburg campaign, when they were burned on the night of July 
1st, by order of Fitz Hugh Lee. At that time, the buildings were used 
as a camp for enlisted and drafted men. In October, 1879, the property 
was turned over to the Interior Department, to be used as an industrial 
school for Indian boys and girls. 

A great success has followed the foundation and career of the school. 
Representatives of the Apaches, Arapahoes, Caddoes, Cheyennes, 
Comanches, Crows, Creeks, Chippewas, Diggers, Gros- Ventres, lowas, 
Kaws, Keechies, Kiowas, Lipans, Menomonees, Miamis, Navajoes, Nez 
Perces, Northern Arapahoes, Omahas, Ottawas, Onoudagas, Osages, 
Pawnees, Poncas, Pueblos, Pottawatomies, Sacs and Foxes, Seminoles, 
Shoshones, Sioux, Wichitas, and Winnebagoes have come to Carlisle, 
been taught English and the ways of civilization, and returned to their 
tribes, to propagate the ways of peace. 

The instruction given to the students is objective— the methods 
natural. The chief point is the mastery of the English language — 
reading and writing waiting upon and accompanying this language- 
study. The students are not urged beyond a practical knowledge of 
the primary English branches. No books are used with beginners : the 
materials employed are objects, pictures, blackboard, slate, and pencil. 



118 




/ '/J ^^A'^//A-^''''K 



\-\ 



CARLISLE INDIAN SCHOOL. 
Three boys as they look now, after being civilized. 



119 



The students particularly excel in arithmetic, spelling, and in writing, 
and they are astonishingly apt at music, readily singing hymns and 
choruses, and abandoning the meaningless monotones and minor wails 
that constituted the music of their life in the West. Industrial work is 
followed also. The girls are instructed in housework, sewing, washing 
and ironing, cooking, and the other home industries." The boys learn 
farming, harness-making, tailoring, painting, blacksmithing, carpenter- 
ing, tinning, shoemaking, and printing ; and a very creditable paper — 
The Morning Star — is issued monthly from the school, a chronicle of the 
more than creditable work being carried on in this fair Cumberland 
Valley. Some idea of how much real good will in time be disseminated 
through the influence of the Carlisle school may be found in the sug- 
gestive fact that 767 boys and girls have been under instruction since 
the school opened, on October 5th, 1879.* The shoe-shop last year manu- 
factured 389 pairs of boots and shoes, and repaired 150 pairs a month. 
The tailor-shop turned out 410 coats, 771 pairs of pantaloons, and 343 
vests ; the harness-shop, 205 bridles, 190 halters, 197 sets of harness ; the 
tin-shop, 4,305 tin pails, 7,498 cups, 1,072 coffee-boilers, 145 funnels, 
5,340 pans, 5,211 joints of stove-pipe ; the wagon-shop, 11 spring- 
wagons ; the laundry washed and ironed 5,000 pieces a week , the girls 
manufactured 4,837 towels, sheets, shirts, aprons, and other articles of 
wear. Surely, here is a solution of the Indian problem, m one of the 
best works ever undertaken by a paternally-inclined government! 

* Annual Report, 1884. 



^f^e fcrettysbum and Mannsbuna l\ailroacl. 



THE line over which the pilgrim reaches Gettysburg is one which 
brings into view, every moment, the daintiest vistas, the choicest 
mosaics, of inland scenery. On leaving Carlisle, the run over 
the South Mountain Eailroad is just ten miles to Hunter's Run 
Station. This distance is in a southeasterly direction from Carlisle. 
Throughout its length, no more picturesque pleasantries of nature are 
to be found in this section of Pennsylvania. 




YELLOW-BREECHES CREEK. 



Most notable is the 

foliage. It is of every kind 

and character. Pine, oak, 

ash, willow, maple, poplar, chestnut, spruce, elm, cedar, with a 

fringe of greenest hedges, and alder -bushes, and sumac, and here 

(120) 



121 



and there the sentry silver stalk of the mullen. Under our very 
eyes are all the materials for the profound study of nature. The 
variety is amj^le. 

Later, as the traveler whirls along this road, the foliage will be even 
more gorgeous than it is now. In the dry burning summer month — 
a month in which it is hard to believe there are any nights — the leaf, 
panting, as it were, in the furnace, knows not any repose. It is a con- 
tinual and rapid play of aspiration and respiration ; a too-powerful sun 
excites it. In August, sometimes even in the close of July, it begins to 
turn yellow. It will not wait for autumn. On the tops of the moun- 
tains yonder, where it works less rapidly, it travels more slowly toward 
its goal ; but it will arrive there. When September has ended, and the 
nights lengthen, the wearied trees grow dreamy : the leaf sinks from 
fatigue. If the light did but succor it still! But the light itself has 
grown weaker. The dews fall abundantly, and in the morning the sun 
no longer cares to drink them up. It looks toward other horizons, and 
is already far away. The leaves blush a marvelous scarlet in their 
anger. The sun is, as it were, an evening sun. Its long oblique rays 
are protruded through the black trunks, and create under the woods 
some luminous and still genial tracks of light. 

The landscape is illuminated. The forests around and above, on 
the hills, on the flanks of the mountains, seem to be on fire. The light 
abandons us, and we are tempted to think that it wishes to rest in the 
leaf and to concentrate within all its rays. Summer is comparatively 
monotonous: it wears always the same verdure. Autumn is a fairy 
spectacle. "Where the trees huddle close together, every tone of color is 
intermingled — pale golden tints, with glowing or slightly -burnished 
gold, scarlet, and crimson, and every hue of blushing carnation. Every 
leaf shows color. The vivacity of the maple contrasts sharply with the 
gloom of the pme ; lower down this hill, the rusty hues of the oaks ; 



122 



lower still, and all around, the drooping and fallen brambles and wild 
vines blend their glowing reds with the wan yellow of the grasses. It 
is the festival of the foliage. 

Soon after leaving Carlisle, the Yellow- Breeches Creek is crossed: 
a choice bit of water, called so by the Indians, who saw in its tawny 




HUNTERS RUN STATION, 

hue, after every storm, the color of the doeskin. 
/^ ' Bonny Brook arrests the eye of the traveler, 

and the town of Mount Holly Springs, seven miles from Carlisle, 
demands each minute while the train stops. Leaving here, passing 
a delightful sheet of water, the train plunges into the hills, and 
winds away among the trees of the swamps and meadows. At 
Hunter's Run Station, which is ten miles from Carlisle, the South 
Mountain road is deserted. It continues over eight miles to Pine 
Grove Furnace, where are extensive mines of iron and great red- 
mouthed furnaces burning up the earth for the staple of the world. 
If the traveler can spare an hour or two, he should run up to Pine 
Grove. The furnaces are interesting, and the houses are still standing 
that were the slave-quarters of a slave-plantation in other dajs in Penn- 
sylvania, How far away they now seem ! Just before reaching Pine 
Grove, the Pine Grove Picnic -Ground is visible on the right. Bow- 
ered among the trees, it presents a wistful invitation to linger. If the 



123 



sun shine fiercely, what happiness to plunge into these inviting shades 
and rest one's eyes from the too-powerful radiance. The air is astir, and 
descends from the trees all pure and fresh. The sun everywhere imparts 
a new grace to the morning hour. The open glade near the track is 
one of the state chambers of the forest beyond. From afar, the long 
dim avenues under the trees look apparently toward these vistas, as 
they lie bathed in amber radiance. All is young and laughing. The 
flowers banished from the deep forest come here to hold high carnival : 
they mingle together their faint perfumes. The birds are here in glad 
array, as if they were the possessors of the place. What seductions 
greet us on the threshold ! Songs and flowers are here, and mosses and 
violets, and occasionally the white spiroea — a dim and pallid vision. 
Hundreds of happy hearts come here every summer, and go homeward 
with cares lifted, with gratitude for the unnumbered pleasures this 
Pine Grove Park contains. 

From Hunter's Run to Gettysburg, the Gettysburg and Harrisburg 
road extends over twenty -two miles of track to Gettysburg. Just 
before turning into the city, the track runs on a spur four miles long 
to the base of the Round Tops, two hills known wherever in the world 
the study of the sword is kept up. Here there is a picturesque station. 
The station in Gettysburg is on Washington Street. Between Gettys- 
burg and Hunter's Run, the principal stations of the road are : Idaville, 
Bendersville, and Biglerville. At Idaville, the road is up about a thou- 
sand feet, and from here you can see distinctly the exquisite outlines of 
the hills of York County. After leaving Idaville, you have a charming 
view of Wolf-Pit Hill, which looms in the blue distance, pointing heaven- 
ward its wooded peak. After leaving Bendersville, the train crosses 
Opossum Creek — just a glimpse of a pure and purling stream that for 
centuries, from its retreat among these happy hills, has surged its way 
to the sea. Opossum Creek ib not, however, so choice and charming 



124 




a bit of woodland water as 
the Conawaugha, which you 
cross just before the train be- 
gins to climb the ascent of the 
hills around Gettysburg. So 



125 



dainty is this Conawaugha Creek, that the artist instinctively chose it 
for his pencil. 

The scenery in between these stations is of the same interesting 
order as on the other side of Hunter's Eun. Here and there water — as 
now the just-mentioned Opossum Creek and laughing Conawaugha — 
everywhere in the distance hills, and the long blue valleys in 
between. Everywhere, too, are birds. They fly at the scream of the 
whistle or the sound of the bell, but not far: they have the confi- 
dence of these ]3leasant glades. There is something pleasant in this 




fact. No one can be insensible to the claim which confidence imposes ; 
it is, so to speak, a freeman's right. The swallow makes our open 
house her own, and joy comes with her — her presence is a promise 
of happiness. The robin hops upon your window-sill, he goes in 
search of you, he follows you everywhere; salutes you with the last 
note of evening, the first chirp of morn. His black eyes are like sparks: 
he darts them at you with charming audacity. As your equal and your 
comrade, he seeks your society. He inhabits these glades with all the 
dignity of presumptive ownership. 



126 



The first view of Gettysburg, obtained as you glide out of the long 
stretch of woods and round the edge of the hill, is one of choice beauty. 
In an instant you have left the leafy lane through which the train has 
been darting, are out in the strong sunlight, and the historic town lies 
in the calm of the middle distance, while over it and beyond are the 
blue hills of the York Valley. The picture is one of strength and indi- 
viduality, and impresses the pilgrim with long-lingering sharpness. He 
views his shrine, the theatre of war's greatest battle. He sees Gettys- 
burg ! 

HOW TO GET TO GETTYSBURG. 

There is but one way to get to Gettysburg, if the traveler considers 
time of value, and is therefore forced to go by rail. The accompanying 
map illustrates at a glance the routes. Harrisburg is always the first 
objective point, unless the pilgrim comes north over the Cumberland 
Valley Railroad. Coming from the direction of Buffalo, Canandaigua, 
New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Pittsburg, and the Great West, Har- 
risburg is the place to be reached first. From Harrisburg, the route is 
by way of the Cumberland Valley road to Carlisle, thence over the 
South Mountain and Gettysburg and Harrisburg roads to Gettysburg. 
There is excellent hotel accommodation both at Gettysburg and Car- 
lisle, and at Mount Holly Springs. The tourist and the rambler need 
not fear that the mental pleasure of the trip to Gettysburg will in the 
least be disturbed by the miseries of bad hotels. 

ON ROUND TOP. 

To make the Gettysburg and Harrisburg Railroad more complete, a 
spur has been built from Gettysburg to Round Top, three miles, in the 
same careful and splendid manner as the main line. Indeed, the 
construction of the Gettysburg and Harrisburg Railroad is of the highest 



127 



standard, and justifies the great credit given to the best American 
railroad-work. 

The spur road ends on the side of Little Round Top itself, within 
a good stone's - throw of the summit made so famous by the patriot 
blood of Vincent and his brothers -in -arms. The track ends in a 
choicely laid -out park. Here have been gathered with lavish hand 
every comfort and convenience that can make happy the life of the 
picknicker or excursionist. Dining-rooms, a dancing -pavilion, rooms 
for rest and recreation, shady seats and lounging -places under the 
great trees, kitchens, baggage - rooms, places for your bundles and 
baskets, spring -water in abundance, the choicest of breezes, the 
perfume of a carpet of wild flowers, and a natural awning of leaves 
to check the sun's rays, should they become too ardent, are the 
fittings of this Paradise. A short and easy scramble, and you are at 
the summit, scaled so bravely by the men of July, '63, and a pano- 
rama of beauty bursts upon the eye. You look, as it were, over 
God's acres, so green, so fresh, so beautiful. Down the side of the 
hill, over the old walls now covered by moss, over the stones that 
saved many a brave heart from death, up the hill, following a broad 
and well-kept path, then a climb of a half- hundred steps, and you 
are on the top jplatform of the observatory upon the summit of Big 
Eound Top. Before you, around you everywhere, is the most exquisite 
view in all Pennsylvania, a horizon fifty miles away in every direc- 
tion ! It is superb ! It is one of those rare views, sometimes obtained 
by the traveler, that are so beautiful that they linger ever, the 
choicest gems in tlie collection of memory. Once on this observatory, 
and the desire is to rest there for hours, so calm, so peaceful, so 
sweet are the influences of the scene! It is incomparably beautiful: 
so beautiful, indeed, that no words, no painting, no photograph can 
present more than a very faint idea of its wondrous charm. 



128 



GETTYSBURG AS A STATE CAMPING - GROUND. 

During the summer of 1884, a large part of the National Guard 
of the State of Pennsylvania went into camp at Gettysburg. It was 
the occasion of the annual ten days' drill. Never before in the history 
of the State militia was the camp -site so felicitously chosen as on 
that occasion. There was no man in the command so dull as not to 
be able to appreciate the historic ground on Avhich he slept, or be 
insensible to the thickly - clustering memories of every stone and field, 
of every hill and ravine, of every inch of that blood-sown ground. 
Additionally, the choice of Gettysburg was a happy one, because of its 
ease of access, ample accommodation, healthful ground, and its large 
domain that is State ground, and from the occupation of which no 
complaints could arise. 

Some of the States, notably New York and Rhode Island, have 
pro\dded for their militia permanent camp - grounds, where all the 
necessaries Qf camps are arranged once for all. Permanent water- 
supply, proper parade-grounds, headquarters - grounds, stables for 
horses, and many other useful and necessary arrangements are made, 
so that valuable time is not lost over work that does not conduce 
particularly to the object sought. These provisions for the State 
militia are admirable in design and results. Quite naturally, therefore, 
a movement was started during the camp last year, looking to ha%'ing 
the State adopt Gettysburg as a State camp -ground. The idea was 
taken up enthusiastically and endorsed by all the ofiicers. In order 
to further this most excellent plan, the cordial co-operation of many 
citizens is needed. On the slip here inserted, it is therefore suggested 
that the reader place his signature and the signatures of a few friends, 
and forward the same to W. H. Woodward, Pine Grove Furnace, Cum- 
berland County, Pa., in order that, when collected, they may be presented 
at Harrisburg. 



APPENDIX. 



^\)e l\oster. 



THE reader will desire the roster of the troops engaged m the great 
conflict. As near as may be, that of the Confederate army is the 
same as it was a month previous to the battle. The organization 
of June 1st is the only authentic one preserved to us. Here it is 



Organization of the Army of Northern Virginia, June 1st, 1S63 

General ROBERT E. LEE Commanding. 

STAFF. 

Colonel W. H. TAYLOR, Adjutant-General 
'' C. S. VENABLE, A.D.C. 
" CHARLES MARSHALL, A.D.C. 

JAMES L. CORLEY, Chief Quartermaster. 
R. G. COLE, Chief Commissary. 
B. G. BALDWIN, Chief of Ordnance. 
" H. L. PEYTON, Assistant Inspector-General. 
General W. N. PENDLETON, Chief of Artillery. 
Doctor L. GUILD, Medical Director 
Colonel W. PROCTOR SMITH, Chief Engineer. 
Major IT. E. YOUNG, Assistant Adj utant-GeneraL 
'' G. B COOK, Assistant Inspector- General. 



FIRST CORPS. 
Lieutenant-General JAMES LONGSTREET Commanding. 

McLAWS'S DIVISION. 

Major-general L. McLAWS Commanding. 

Kershaw's Brigade —Brigadier ■Genera.iJ B. Kekshaw CommaTiding, 15th South 
Carolina Regiment, Colonel \V. D. De Saussure ; 8th South Carolina Regiment, Colonel 
J. VV. Mamminger, 2d South Carolina Regiment, Colonel John D. Kennedy, 3d South 



11 

Carolina Regiment, Colonel James D. Nance; 7th South Carolina Regiment, Colonel 
D. Wyatt Aikeu; 3d (James's) Battalion Soutli Carolina Infantry, Lieut. -Colonel 
R. C. Riee. 

Benning's ^r/graf/e.— Brigadier-General H. L. Benning Commanding. 50th Georgia 
Regiment, Colonel W. R. Manning; 51st Georgia Regiment, Colonel W. M. Slaughter; 
53d Georgia Regiment, Colonel James P. Somms; 10th Georgia Regiment, Lieut.- 
Colonel John B. Weems. 

Barksdale's i>nyyacZe.— Brigadier-General William Barksdale Commanding. 13th 
Mississippi Regiment, Colonel J. W. Carter; 17th Mississippi Regiment, Colonel W. 
D. Holder ; ISth Mississippi Regiment, Colonel Thomas M. Griffin ; 21st Mississippi 
Regiment, Colonel B. G. Humphreys. 

Woffard's £r/(7od!e.— Brigadier-General W. T. Woffard Commanding. 18th Geor- 
gia Regiment, Major E. Griffs; Phillips's Georgia Legion, Colonel W. M. Phillips; 
24th Georgia Regiinent, Colonel Robert McMillan ; IGth Georgia Regiment, Colonel 
Goode Bryan ; Cobb's Georgia Legion, Lieut.-Colonel L. D. Glewn. 



PICKETT'S DIVISION. 

Major-General GEORGE E. PICKETT COMMANDING. 

GarnetVs Bngade. — Brigadier-General R. B. Garnett Commanding. 8th Virginia 
Regiment, Colonel Eppa Hunton; 18th Virginia Regiment. Colonel R. E. Withers; 
19th Virginia Regiment, Colonel Henry Gantt; 28th Virginia Regiment, Colonel R. C. 
Allen ; 56th Virginia Regiment, Colonel W. D. Stuart. 

Armistead's iJn^ade.— -Brigadier-General L. A. Armistead Commanding. 9th Vir- 
ginia Regiment, Lieut.-Colonel J. S. Gilliam; 11th Virginia Regiment, Colonel J. G. 
Hodges; 38th Virginia Regiment, Colonel E. C. Edmonds; 53d Virginia Regiment, 
Colonel John Grammer ; 57th Virginia Regiment, Colonel J. B. Magruder. 

Kemper's Bngade. — Brigadier-General J. L. Kemper Commanding. 1st Virginia 
Regiment, Colonel Lewis B. Williams, Jr. ; 3d Virginia Regiment, Colonel Joseph 
Mayo, Jr. ; 7th Virginia Regiment, Colonel W. T. Patton ; llth Virginia Regiment, 
Colonel David Funston ; 24th Virginia Regiment, Colonel W. R. Terry. 

Toombs's i?riV7ade.— Brigadier-General R. Toombs Commanding. 2d Georgia Regi- 
ment, Colonel E. M. Butt; 15th Georgia Regiment, Colonel El. M. Du Bose; 17th 
Georgia Regiment, Colonel W. C. Hodges; 20th Georgia Regiment, Colonel J. B. 
Cummings. 

Corse's i??*/firac?e.— Brigadier-General M. D. Corse Commanding, loth Virginia 
Regiment. Colonel T. P. August; 17th Virginia Regiment, Colonel Morton Marve; 
30th Virginia Regiment, Colonel A, T. Harrison; 32d Virginia Regiment, Coloiiel 
E. B. Montague. 

HOOD'S DIVISION. 

Major-General J. B. HOOD. 

Robertson's ^rigrade.— Brigadier-General J. B. Robertson Commanding. 1st Texas 
Regiment, Colonel A. T. Rainey; 4th Texas Regiment, Colonel J. C. G. Key; 5th 
Texas Regiment, Colonel R. M. Powell ; 3d Arkansas Regiment, Colonel Van H. - 
Manning. 

Laivs's J3rir7ade.— Brigadier-General E. M. Laavs Commanding. 4th Alabama 
Regiment, Colonel P. A. Bowls ; 44th Alabama Regiment, Colonel W. H. Perry ; 15th 
Alabama Regiment, Colonel James Canty ; 47th Alabama Regiment, Colonel J. W. 
Jackson ; 48th Alabama Regiment, Colonel J. F. Shepherd. 




Colonel B. F. Beck; llth Georgia Regiment, Colonel F. H. Little. 

Jenkins's jBri^/arfe.— Brigadier-General M. Jenkins Commanding. 2d South Caro- 
lina Rifles, Colonel Thomas Thompson; 1st South Carolina Regiment, Lieut.-Colonel 
David Livingstone; 5th South Carolina Regiment, Colonel A. Coward; 6th South 
Carolina Regiment, Colonel John Bratton ; Hampton's Legion, Colonel M. W. Gary. 



Ill 

ARTILLERY OF THE FIRST CORPS. 
Colonel J. B. WALTON Commanding. 

Battalion.— -Colonel H. C. Cabell; Major Hamilton. Batteries: McCarty's, 
Manly's, Carlton's, Fraser's. 

Battalion.— Wd'ior Bearing; Major Reed. Batteries: Macon's, Blount's, Strib- 
ling's, Caskie's. 

Battalion. — Major Henry. Batteries : Bachman's, Rielly's, Latham's, Gordon's. 

Battalion. — Colonel E. P. Alexander ; Major Huger. Batteries : Jordan's, Rhett's, 
Moody's, Parker's, Taylor's. 

Battalion.— MiX]Ov Eshleman. Batteries : Squii'es's, Miller's, Richardson's, Nor- 
com's. 

Total number of guns. Artillery of the First Corps, 83, 



% SECOND CORPS. 

Lieutenant-General R. S. EWELL. 
early's division. 

Major-General J. A. EARLY Commanding. 

Hays's Brigade.— Brigadier-General II. S. Hays Clommanding. 5th Louisiana 
Regiment, Colonel Henry Forno ; 6th Louisiana Regiment, Colonel William Mona- 
ghan ; ', h Louisiana Regiment, Colonel D. B. Penn ; 8th Louisiana Regiment, Colonel 
Henry B. Kelley ; 9th Louisiana Regiment, Colonel A. L. Stafford. 

Gordon's Brigade. — Brigadier-General J. B. Gordon Commanding. 13th Georgia 
Regiment, Colonel J. M. Smith; 26th Georgia Regiment, Colonel E. N. Atkinson; 
Slst Georgia Regiment, Colonel C. A. Evans; 38th Georgia Regiment, Major J. D. 
Matthews; 60th Georgia Regiment, Colonel W. H. Stiles; 61st Georgia Regiment, 
Colonel J. H. Lamar. 

Smith's iJr/c/ade.— Brigadier-General William Smith Cominanding. 13th Virginia 
Regiment, Colonel J. E. B. Terrill ; Slst Virginia Regiment, Colonel John S. Hoffman; 
49th Virginia Regiment, Colonel Gibson; 52d Virginia Regiment, Colonel Skinner; 
58th Virginia Regiment, Colonel F. H. Board. 

Hoke's Brigade.— Colonel J. E. Avery- Commanding (General R. F. Hoke being 
absent, wounded). 5th Nortli Carolina Regiment, Colonel J. E. Avery ; 21st North 
Carolina Regiment, Colonel W. W. Kirkland ; 54th North Carolina Regiment, Colonel 
J. C. T. McDowell ; 57th North Carolina Regiment, Colonel A. C, Godwin ; 1st North 
Carolina Battalion, Major R. H. Wharton. 

RODES'S DIVISION. 
Major-General R. E. RODES Commanding. 

DanieVs Bngrade.— Brigadier-General Junius Daniel Commanding. 32d North 
Carolina Regiment, Colonel E. C. Brabble; 43d North Carolina Regiment, Colonel 
Thomas S. Keenan; 45th North C:u-olina Regiment, Lieut. -Colonel Samuel H. Boyd; 
53d North Carolina Regiment, Colonel W. A. Owens ; 2d North Carolina Battalion, 
Lieut. -Colonel H. S. Andrew. 

Doles's iJrif/ade.— Brigadier-General George Doles Commanding. 4th Georgia 
Regiment, Lieut.-Colonel D. R. E;. Winn ; 12th Georgia Regiment, Colonel Edward 
WLlis; 21st Georgia Regiment, Colonel John T. Mercer; 44th Georgia Regiment, 
Colonel S. P. Lumpkin. 

Iverson's ^rjfirade.— Brigadier-General Alfred Iverson Commanding. 5th North 
Carolina Regiment, Captain S. B. West; 12th North Carolina Regiment, Lieut.-Colonel 
W. S. Davis; 20th North Carolina Regiment, Lieut.-Colonel N. Slough; 23d North 
Carolina Regiment, Colonel D. H. Christie. 

Ramseur's iJr/^^ade.— Brigadier-General S. D. Ramseur Commanding. 2d North 
Carolina Regiment, Major E. W. Hurt; 4th North Carolina Regiment, Colonel Bryan 
Grimes: 14th North Carolina Regiment, Colonel R. T. Bennett; 30th North Carolina 
Regiment, Colonel F. M. Parker. 

Rodes's Brigade.— Colonel E. A. O'Neal Commanding. 3d Alabama Regiment, 
Colonel C. A. Battle; 5th Alabama Regiment, Colonel J. M. Hall ; 6th Alabama Regi- 
ment, Colonel J. N. Lightfoot; 12th Alaljama Regiment, Colonels. B, Pickens; 26th 
Alabama Regiment, Lieut.-Colonel J. C. Goodgame. 



JOHNSON'S DIVISION. 

Major-General ED. JOHNSON Commanding. 

Steuarf's ^rigrade.— Brigadier-General George H. Steuart Commanding, 10th Vir- 
ginia Regiment, Colonel E. T, H. Warren; '23d Virginia Regiment, Colonel A. G. Talia- 
ferro; 27th Virginia Regiment, Colonel T. V.Williams, Ist North Carolina Regiment, 
Colonel J. A. McDowell*, 3d North Carolina Regiment, Lieut.-Colouel Thurston. 

" Sloneivall" JSrz'^ade. -Brigadier-General James A. Walker Commanding. 2d 
Virginia Regiment, Colonel J. Q, A. Nadenbousch : 4th Virginia Regiment, Colonel 
Charles A. Ronald; 5th Virginia Regiment, Colonel J, H. S. Funk; 27th Virginia 
Regiment, Colonel J. K. Edmondson , 33d Virginia Regiment, Colonel F. M. Holla- 
day 

Jones's ^rigrade.— Brigadier-General John M. Jones Commanding. 21st Virginia 
Eegiment, Captain Moseley; 42d Virginia Regiment, Lieut.-Colonel Withers; 44th 
Virginia Regiment. Captain Buckner , 48th Virginia Regiment, Colonel T. S. Garnett. 
50th Virginia Regiment, Colonel Vandcventer. 

NichoUs's Brigade.— Colonel J M. Williams Commanding (General F. T Nicholls 
being absent, wounded). 1st Louisiana Regiment, Colonel William R, Shirers; 2d 
Louisiana Regiment, Colonel J. M Williams; 10th Louisiana Regiment, Colonel E 
Waggaman; 14th Louisiana Regiment, Colonel Z. York, 15th Louisiana Regiment, 
Colonel Edward Pendleton 

ARTILLERY OF THE SECOND CORPS. 

Colonel S CRUTCH FIELD Commanding 

Battalion— LievLt-Colonel Thojias H. Carter . Major Carter M Braxton Bat- 
teries Page's, Fry's, Carter's, Reese's 

Battalion.— 'Lieut.-Colonel H. P. Jones, Major Brockenborough Batteries Car- 
riugton's, Garber's, Thompson's, Tanner's. 

Battalio7i'.—hieut.-Colonel S. Andreavs, Major Latimer. Batteries- Brown's, 
Dermot's, Carpenter's, Raine's 

.Ba<<ah'o?i.— Lieut -Colonel Nelson ; ^Major Page Batteries Kirkpatrick's, ^las- 
sie's, Millege's. 

Baitalion.— Colonel J. T Brown ; Major Hardaway Batteries Dauce's, Watson's, 
Smith's, Huff's, Graham's 

Total number of guns, Artillery of the Second Corps, 82. 



THIRD CORPS. 
Lieutenant-General a. p. HILL Commanding. 

R. H ANDERSON'S DIVISION. 

Wilcox's ^rjgfflde.— Brigadier-General C. M Wilcox Commanding. 8th Alabama 
Regiment, Colonel T L. Royster; 9th Alabama Regiment, Colonel S. Henry, 10th 
Alabama Regiment, Colonel "W. H. Forney ; 11th Alabama Regiment, Colonel J. C. C. 
Saunders, 14th Alabama Regiment, Colonel L. P. Pinkhard 

Mahone's Brij^ade.— Brigadier-General William Mahone Commanding. 6th Vir- 
ginia Regiment, Colonel G T. Rogers; 12th Virginia Regiment, Colonel D A. 
Weisiger; IGth Virginia Regiment, Lieut.-Colonel Joseph H. Ham, 41st Virginia 
Regiment, Colonel W A. Parham, 61st Virginia Regiment, Colonel V. D Groner. 

Posei/s Brigade — Brigadier-(Tencral Canot Posey Commanding. 46th Mississippi 
Regiment, Colonel Jos. Jayne , 16th Mississippi Regiment, Colonel Samuel E Baker; 
19th J»Iississippi Regiment, Colonel John Mullins ; 12th Mississippi Regiment, Colonel 
W. H. Taylor. 

Wri(/ht's Brigade.— Bngaiier-General A. R. Wright Commanding 2d Georgia 
Battalion, Major G. W. Ross; 3d Georgia Regiment, Colonel E. J. Walker; 22d Geor- 
gia Regiment, Colonel R H. Jones; 48th Georgia Regiment, Colonel William Gibson 

Pern/'s .Br/g'ade.— Brigadier-General E. A. Perry Commanding. 2d Florida Regi- 
ment, Lieut.-Colonel S. G Pyles; 5th Florida Regiment, Colonel J. C. Hately; 8tli 
Florida Regiment, Colonel David Long. 



HETH'S DIVISION. 

, T, • ^ AOA nth ^fith 44th 47th, 52d, and 17th North Carolina 
First, Pettigrew's Brigade.-A2d, 11th, .btn, 44in, ^/ lu, o , 

Regiments 

PENDER'S DIVISION. 

First; 3i 

Third! Thomas's Brigade -l^tli, soin 'lotu^ ^^^^^^^ NOTtlf Carolina Regi- 

Fourih, Fender's Old Bngade-l^th, Ifatn, -a, o^iu, ctuu 
ments, 

ARTILLERY OF THE THIRD CORPS. 
Colonel R LINDSEY WALKER Commanding ,, „. . 

,. .. -n r ATrTNTOSH Maior W F. PoAGUE Batteries Hurt's, Rice's, 
Batt.alio7i.—yia,]OT D G JSIcIntosh , luajoi w i. . x 

^^'SS£f-Lfeut.-Colonel Garnett, Major Richakdson Batteries Lewis's, 
Maurin's, Moore's, Grandy's. -p^HpriP^ • Wvatt's Woolfolk's, Brooke's 

SS=Sgo'r''w"SSrP, S*S! 5a\wes, Brunson% Davidson's, Cren- 
'■'^^^KS-LftutSf^nel CVTTS, Major Lane. Batteries. WlugfieWs, Ross's. 

LIEUT -GENERAL J E. B STUART'S CAVALRY CORPS. 

Brieadier-General Wade Hampton's Brigade 

likSSSl ^^'l.^K^le'^rirKnaer Coionei Ci>a.«iss 

fe^sssifviLrE-si^f^Se 

Brtetd er-GeneralJ. D. Imboden's Brigade. 
Bri-adier-General A. G. Jenkins's Brigade. 
Colonel White's Battalion. 

Baker's Brigade , 

[N0TE.-The regimental roster of this Cavalry Corps is unfortunately unobtam 
able 1 



VI 



Hosier of the Federal Army engaged in the Hattle of Getti/sburg, 
Wednesday , Thursday, and Friday, tTuly 1st, 2d, and 3d, 1863. 

Major-General GEORGE GORDON MEADE Commanding. 

STAFF. 

Major-general DANIEL BUTTERFIELD, Chief of Staff. 
Brigadier-General M. R. PATRICK, Provost INIarshal-General. 

" " SETH WILLIAMS, A(ljutant-G3iieral. 

" " EDMUND SCHRIVER, Inspector-General. 

" " RUFUS INGALLS, Quartermaster-General. 

Colonel HENRY F, CLARKE, Chief Commissary of Subsistence. 
Major JONATHAN LETTEKMAN, Surgeon, Chief of Medical Depart- 
ment. 
Brigadier-General G. K. WARREN, Chief Engineer. 
Major D. AV. FLAGLER, Chief Ordnance Officer. 
Major-General ALFRED PLEASONTON, Chief of Cavalry. 
Brigadier-General HENRY J. HUNT, Chief of Artillery. 
Captain L. B. NORTON, Chief Signal Officer. 



Major-General JOHN F. REYNOLDS,^ Commanding the First, 

Third, and Eleventh Corps on July 1st. 
Major-General HENRY W. SLOCUM, Commanding the Right 

Wing on July 2d and July 3d. 
Major-General W. S. HANCOCK, Commanding the Left Centre on 

July 2d and July 3d. 



FIRST CORPS. 

Major-General JOHN F. REYNOLDS, Permanent Commander. 
Major-General ABNER DOUBLEDAY Commanding on Jul^ 1st 
Major-General JOHN NEWTON Commanding July 2d and 3d. 



1 He was killed, and succeeded by Major-General 0. O Howard. 



vn 

FIRST DIVISION. 
Brigadier-General JAMES S. WADSWORTH Commanding. 

First Brigade.— {1} Brigadier-General Solojion Meredith (wounded) : (2) Colonel 
Henry A. Morrow (wounded) ; (3) Colonel W. W. Robinson. 2d Wisconsin, Qplonel 
Lucius Faircliild (wounded), Lieut.-Colonel George H. Stevens (wounded), Major 
John Mansfield (wounded), Captain George H. Otis; Gth Wisconsin, Lieut.-Colonel 
R. R. Dawes ; 7th Wisconsin, Colonel W. W. Robinson ; 24th Michigan, Colonel Henry 
A. Morrow (wounded), Lieut.-Colonel Mark Flanigan (wounded), IMajor Edwin B. 
Wright (wounded), Captain Albert M. Edwards; 19th Indiana, Colonel Samuel 
Williams. 

Second Un'r/ade.— Brigadier-General Lysander Cutler Commanding. 7th Indi- 
ana, Major Ira G. Grover ; 56th Pennsylvania, Colonel J. W. Hotfman ; 76th New York, 
Major Andrew J. Grover (killed), Captain John E. Cook; 95th New York, Colonel 
George H. Biddle (wounded). Major Edward Pye; 14;7th New York, Lieut.-Colonel 
F. C. Miller (wounded), Major George Harney; i-lth Brooklyn, Colonel E. B. Fowler. 

SECOND DIVISION. 
Brigadier-General JOHN C. ROBINSON Commanding. 

First I?ri(7ad€.— Brigadier-General Gabriel R. Paul Commanding (wounded); 
Colonel S. H. Leonard; Colonel Richard Coulter. 16th Maine, Colonel Charles 
W. Tilden (captured), Lieut.-Colonel N. E. Welch, Major Arch. D. Leavitt; 13th Mas- 
sachusetts, Colonel S. H. Leonard (wounded); 94th New York, Colonel A. R. Root 
(wounded). Major S. H. Moffat ; 104th New York, Colonel Gilbert G. Prey ; 107th Penn- 
sylvania, Colonel -T. F. McCoy (wounded), Lieut.-Colonel James McThompson 
(wounded), Captain E. D. Roath; lltli Pennsylvania, Colonel Richard S. Coulter, 
Captain J. J. Bierer.i 

Second i?riV7ade.— Brigadier-General Henry Baxter Commanding. 12th Massa- 
chusetts, Colonel James L. Bates; 83d New York, Lieut.-Colonel Joseph R. Moesch; 
97th New York, Colonel Charles Wheelock; 88th Pennsylvania, Major Benezet F. 
Faust, Captain E. Y. Patterson ; 90th Pennsylvania, Colonel Peter Lyle. 

THIRD DIVISION. 

Major-General ABNER DOUBLEDAY, Permanent Commander on July 2d and 3d. 

Brigadier-General THOMAS A. ROWLEY, July 1st. 

First Brigade.— Brigadicv-Geneval Thomas A. Rowley, July 2d and 3d; Colonel 
Chapman Biddle, July 1st. 121st Pennsylvania, Colonel Chapm^an Biddle, Major 
Alexander Biddle; 142d Pennsylvania, Colonel Robert P. Cummings (killed), Lieut.- 
(-olonel A. B. McCalmont; 151st Pennsylvania, Lieut.-Colonel George F. McFarland 
(lost a leg). Captain Walter L. Owens; "20th New York S. M., Colonel Theodore B. 
Gates. 

Seco7id Brigade.— (1) Colonel Roy Stone Commanding (wounded); (2) Colonel 
Langhorne Wister (wounded); (3) Colonel Edmund L. Dana. 143d Pennsylvania, 
Colonel Edmund L. Dana, Major John D. Musser; 149th Pennsylvania, Lieut.-Colonel 
Walton Dwight (wounded), Captain A. J. Sofield (killed), Captain John Irvin ; 150th 
Pennsylvania, Colonel Langhorne Wister (wounded), Lieut.-Colonel H. S. Huiede- 
koper (wounded). Major Thomas Chamberlain (wounded), Captain C. C. Widdis 
(wounded), Captain G. W. Jones. 

Third i^r/^of/e.— Brigadier-General George J. Stannard Commanding (wounded). 
12th Vermont, Colonel Asa P. Blunt (not engaged); 13th Vermont, Colonel Francis 
V. Randall , 14th Vermont, Colonel William T. Nichols; 15th Vermont, Colonel Red- 
field Proctor (not engaged); 16th Vermont, Colonel Wheelock G. Veazey. 

ArtiUeri/ Brigade. — ^^Colonel Charles S. Wainwright Commanding. 2d Maine, 
Captain James A. Plall; 5th Maine, G. T. Stevens; Battery B, 1st Pennsylvania, Cap- 
tahi J. H. Cooper; Battery B, 4th United States, Lieutenant James Stewart; Battery 
L, 1st New York, Captain J. A. Reynolds. 

[Note.— Tidball's Battery, of the 2d United States Artillery, under Lieutenant 
John H. Calef, also fought in line with the First Corps. Lieutenant Benjamin W. 
Wilber and Lieutenant George Breck, of Captain Reynolds's Battery, and Lieutenant 
James Davison, of Stewart's Battery, commanded sections which were detached at 
times.] 



1 The nth Pennsylvania was transferred from the Second Brigade. 



Vlll 

SECOND CORPS. 
Major-General WINFIELD S. HANCOCK, Permanent Com- 

MAXDER (wounded). 
Major-General JOHN GIBBON (wounded). 
Brigadier-General JOHN C. CALDWELL. 

FIRST DIVISION. 

Brigadier-General JOHN C. CALDWELL. 

Colonel JOHN R. BROOKE (wounded). 

First Brigade.— Colonel Edward E. Cross (killed); Colonel H. B. McKeen. 5th 
New. Hampshire, Colonel E. E. Cross, Lieut. -Colonel C. E. Hapsood ; 61st New York, 
Lieut.-Colonel Oscar K. Brondy; 81st Pennsylvania, Colonel H. Boyd McKeen, Lieut. - 
Colonel Amos Stroho; 148th Pennsylvania, Lieut.-Colonel Robert ^IcFarland. 

Second Brigade. — Colonel Patrick Kelly Commanding. 28th Massachusetts, 
Colonel Richard Byrnes; G;3d New York, Lieut.-Colonel R. C. Bentley (wounded), 
Captain Thomas To'uhy ; G9th New York, Captain Richard Maroney (wounded). Lieu- 
tenant James J. Smith ; 88th New York, Colonel Patrick Kelly, Captain Dennis F. 
Burke; 116th Pennsylvania, Major St. Clair A. INIulholland. 

Third Brigade. — Brigadier-General S. K. Zook Commanding (killed); Lieut.- 
Colonel John Frazer. 52d New York, Lieut.-Colonel Charles G. Freudenberg 
(wounded), Captain William Scherrer; 57th New York, Lieut.-Colonel Alfred B. 
Chapman; 66th New York, Colonel Orlando W. Morris (wounxled), Lieut.-Colonel 
John S. Hammell (wounded), Major Peter Nelson ; 140th Pennsylvania, Colonel 
Richard P. Roberts (killed), Lieut.-Colonel John Frazer. 

Fourth Brigade.— Colonel John R. Biiooke Commanding (wounded). 27th Con- 
necticut, Lieut.-Colonel Henry C. Merwin (killed), jNIajor James H. Coburn ; 64th 
New York, Colonel Daniel G. Bingham; 53d Pennsylvania, Colonel J. R. Brooke, 
Lieut.-Colonel Richard ISIcMichael; 145th Pennsylvania, Colonel Hiram L. Brown 
(wounded), Captain John W. Reynolds (wounded). Captain Moses W. Oliver ; 2d 
Delaware, Colonel William P. Bailey. 

SECOND DIVISION. 

Brigadier-General JOHN GIBBON, Permanent Commander (wounded). 

Brigadier-General WILLIAM HARROW. 

First 5r/(7rtc?e.— Brigadier -General William Harrow^ Commanding; Colonel 
Francis E. Heath. lOth Maine, Colonel F. E. Heath, Lieut.-Colonel Henry W. 
Cunningham; 15th Massachusetts, Colonel George H.Ward (killed), Lieut.-Colonel 
George C. Joslin; 82d New York, Colonel Henry W. Huston (killed). Captain John 
Darrow ; 1st Minnesota, Colonel William Colvill (wounded). Captain N. S. Messick 
(killed), Captain Wilson B. Farrell, Captain Louis Muller, Captain Joseph Periam, 
Captain Henry C. Coates. 

Second iJ/'igrade. —Brigadier-General Alexander S. Webb Commanding (wounded). 
69th Pennsvlvania, Colonel Dennis O. Kane (killed), Lieut.-Colonel M. Tschudy 
(killed). Major James Dufty (wounded). Captain William Davis; 71st Pennsylvania, 
Lieut.-Colonel Richard Pehn Smith; 72d Pennsylvania, Colonel De Witt C. Baxter; 
106th Pennsylvania, Lieut.-Colonel Theodore Hesser. 

Third Brigade.— Colonel Norman J. Hall Commanding. 19th iMassachu setts. 
Colonel Arthur F. Devereux; 20th Massachusetts, Colonel Paul J. Revere (killed). 
Captain H. L. Abbott (wounded) ; 42d New York, Colonel James E. Mallon; 59th New 
York, Lieut.-Colonel Max A. Thoman (killed) ; 7th Jlichigan, Colonel N. J. Hall, 
Lieut.-Colonel Amos E. Steele (killed). Major S. W, Curtis. 

L'?taitoc/ie(Z.— Andrew Sharpshooters. 

THIRD DIVISION. 

Brigadier-General ALEXANDER HAYS Commanding. 

First Brigade.— Colonel Samuel S. Carroll Commanding. 4th Ohio, Lieut.- 
Colonel James H. Godman, Lieut.-Colonel L. W. Carpenter; 8th Ohio, Colonels. S. 



IX 

Carroll, Lieut. -Colonel Franklin Sawyer; 14th Indiana, Colonel John Coons; 7th 
West Virginia, Colonel Joseph Snyder. 

Second Biigadc— Colonel Thomas A. Sjiyth Commanding (wounded); Lieut.- 
Colonel F. E. Pierce. 14th Connecticut, Major John T. Ellis; 10th New York (bat- 
talion), Major George F. Hopper; 108th New York, Colonel Charles J. Powers; 12th 
New Jersey, Major John T. Hill; 1st Delaware, Colonel Thomas A. Smyth; Lieut. - 
Colonel Edward P. Harris, Captain M. B. Ellgood (killed). Lieutenant William Smith 
(killed). 

Third Brigade.— Colonel George L. Willard Commanding (killed); Colonel 
Eliakim Sherrili, (killed); Lieut. -Colonel James M. Bull. 39th New York, Lieut.- 
Colonel James G. Hughes ; 111th New York, Colonel Clinton D. McDougall (wounded), 
Lieut. -Colonel Isaac M. Lusk, Captain A. P. Seeley ; 125th New York, Colonel G. L. 
Willard (killed), Lieut.-Colonel Levi Crandall; 126th New York, Colonel E. Sherrill 
(killed), Lieut.-Colonel J. M. Bull. 

Artillery Brigade.— Ca-ptain J. G. Hazard Commanding. Battety B, 1st New York, 
Captain James McK. Rorty (killed) ; Battery A, 1st Rhode Island, Lieutenant William 
A. Arnold ; Battery B, 1st 'Rhode Island, Lieutenant T. Frederick Brown (wounded) ; 
Battery I, 1st United States, Lieutenant G. A. Woodruff (killed) ; Batte'jy A, 4th 
United States, Lieutenant A. H. Gushing (killed). 

[Note.— Battery C, 4th United States, Lieutenant E. Thomas, was in the line of 
the Second Corps on July 3d. Some of the batteries were so nearly demolished that 
there was no officer to assume command at the close of the battle.] 

Cavalry Squadron.— Captain Riley Johnson Commanding. D and K, 6th New 
York. 



THIRD CORPS. 

Major-General DANIEL E. SICKLES Commanding (wounded). 
Major-General DAVID B. BIRNEY. 

FIRST DIVISION. 
Major-General DAVID B. BIRNEY, Permanent Commander. 
Brigadier-General J. H. H. WARD. 

First i?r/f7ac?e.— Brigadier-General C. K. Graha.m Commanding (wounded, cap- 
tured) ; Colonel Andrew H. Tippin. 57th Pennsylvania, Colonel Peter Sides, Lieut.- 
Colonel William P. Neeper (wounded), Captain A. H. Nelson; 63d Pennsylvania, 
Lieut.-Colonel John A. Danks; 68tli Pennsylvania, Colonel A. H. Tippin, all the Field 
Officers wounded; 105th Pennsylvania, Colonel Calvin A. Craig; 114th Pennsylvania, 
Lieut.-Colonel Frederick K. Cavada (captured) ; 141st Pennsylvania, Colonel Henry J. 
Madill, Captain E. R. Brown.i 

[Note.— The 2d New Hampshire, 3d Maine, and 7th and 8th New Jersey, also 
formed part of Graham's line on the '2d.] 

Second i)r/5'ade.— Brigadier-General J. H. H. Ward Commanding; Colonel H. 
Berdan. 1st United States Sharpshooters, Colonel H. Berdan, Lieut.-Colonel C. 
Trapp; 2d United States Sharpshooters, Major H. H. Stoughton; 3d Maine, Colonel 
M. B. Lakeman (captured). Captain William C. Morgan; 4th Maine, Colonel Elijah 
Walker (killed). Major Ebenezer Whitcombe (wounded), Captain Edwin Libby; 20th 
Indiana, Colonel John Wheeler (killed), Lieut.-Colonel William C. L. Taylor; 99th 
Pennsylvania, Major John W. Moore; 86th New York, Lieut.-Colonel Benjamin Hig- 
gins ; i24th New York, Colonel A. Van Horn Ellis (killed), Lieut.-Colonel "Francis M. 
Cummings. 

Tfiird Brigade.— Colonel Philip R. De Trobriand Commanding. 3d Michigan, 
Colonel Byron R. Pierce (wounded), Lieut.-Colonel E. S. Pierce ; 5th Michigan, Lieut.- 
Colonel John Pnlford (wounded). Major S. S. Matthews; 40th New York, Colonel 
Thomas W. Egan; 17th Maine, Lieut.-Colonel Charles B. Merrill; 110th Pennsylvania, 
Lieut.-Colonel David M. Jones (wounded). Major Isaac Rogers. 



1 Colonel Madill commanded the 114th and 141st Pennsylvania. 



SECOND DIVISION. 
Brigadier-General ANDREW A. HUMPHREYS Commanding. 

First Brigade. — Brigadier-General Joseph B. Carr Commanding. 1st Massachu- 
etts, Colonel N. B. McLaughlin; lltli Massachusetts, Lieut.-Colonel Porter D. Tripp; 
6th Massachusetts, Lieut.-Colonel Waldo Merriam; 26th Pennsylvania, Captain 
ieorge W. Tomlinson (wounded), Captain Henry Goodlellow ; 11th New Jersey, 
;;olonel Robert jMcAllister (wounded). Major Philip J. Kearny (killed). Captain Wil- 
iani B. Dunning; 84th Pennsylvania (not engaged), Lieut.-Colonel Milton Upp, 12th 
sew Hampshire, Captain J. F. Langley. 

Second Brigade. — Colonel Williaji R. Brewster Commanding. 70th New York 
1st Excelsior), Major Daniel Mahen; 71st New Y'ork (2d Excelsior), Colonel Henry 
J. Potter; 72d New York (3d Excelsior), Colonel William O. Stevens (killed), Lieut.- 
;;olonel John S. Austin; 73d New York (4th Excelsior), Colonel William R. Brewster, 
klajor M. W. Burns; 74th New Y'ork (5th Excelsior), Lieut.-Colonel Thomas Holt; 
20'th New Y'ork, Lieut.-Colonel Cornelius D. Westbrook (wounded), Major J. R. Tap- 
)en, Captain A. L. Lockwood. 

Third Brigade.— Colonel George C. Burling Commanding. 5th New Jersey, 
;;olonel William J. Sewall (wounded), Captain Yirgel M. Healey (wounded), Captain 
r. C. Godfrey, Captain H. H. Woolsey ; 6th New Jersey, Colonel George C. Burling, 
:jieut.-Colonel S. R. Gilkyson; 7th New Jersey, Colonel L. R. Francine (killed), Lieut.- 
;jolonel Francis Price; 8th New Jersey, Colonel John Ramsey (wounded). Captain 
rohn G. Langston; 115th Pennsylvania, Lieut.-Colonel John P. Dunne ; 2d New Hami>- 
ihire, Colonel Edward L. Bailey (wounded). Major Samuel P. Sayles (wounded). 

Artillery ^rZ/yode.— Captain'GEOROE E. Randolph Commanding. Battery E, 1st 
Ihode Island, Lieutenant John K. Bucklyn (wounded). Lieutenant Benjamin Free- 
)orn; Battery B, 1st New Jersey, Captain A. J. Clark; Battery D, 1st New Jersey, Cap- 
ain George T. Woodbury; Battery K, 4th United States, Lieiitenant F. W. Seeley 
wounded), Lieutenant Robert James ; Battery D, 1st New Y'ork, Captain George B. 
kVinslow ; 4th New Y'ork, Captain James E. Smith. 



FIFTH CORPS. 
Major-General GEORGE SYKES Commanding. 

FIRST DIVISION. 
Brigadier-General JAMES BARNES Commanding. 

First Brigade. — Colonel W. S. Tilton' Commanding. 18th Massachusetts, Colonel 
roseph Hayes ; 22d Massachusetts, Colonel William S. Tilton, Lieut.-Colonel Thomas 
5herman, Jr.; 118th Pennsylvania, Colonel Charles M. Prevost; 1st Michigan, Colonel 
[ra C. Abbot (wounded), Lieut.-Colonel W. A. Throop. 

Second Briqade. — Colonel J. B. Sweitzer (Commanding. 9th Massachusetts, Colonel 
Patrick R. Guiney; 32d Massachusetts, Colonel George L. Prescott (wounded), Lieut.- 
I'olonel Luther Stephenson (wounded). Major J. Gushing Edmunds; 4th Michigan, 
:;olonel Hamson H. Jeffords (killed), Lieut.-Colonel George W. Lombard; 62d Penn- 
sylvania, Colonel J. B. Sweitzer, Lieut.-Colonel James C. Hull. 

Third Brigade.— Colonel Strong Vincent Commanding (killed); Colonel James 
n. Rice. 20th Maine, Colonel Joshua L. Chamberlain ; 44th New York, Colonel James 
'J. Rice, Lieut.-Colonel Freeman Conner; 83d Pennsylvania, Major William H. 
Lamont, Captain O. E. Woodward; 16th Michigan, Lieut.-Colonel N. E. Welch. 

SECOND DIVISION. 

Brigadier-General R0]NIAY'N B. AY'RES Commanding. 

First Brigade.— Colonel Hannibal Day, 6th United States Infontry, Commanding. 
?d United States Infantry, Captain H. W. Freedley (wounded), Captain Ricliard (J. 
Lay; 4th United States, Infantry, Captain J. W. Adams; 6th United States Infantry, 
Captain Levi C. Bootes ; 12th United States Infantry, Captain Thomas S. Dunn ; 14th 
United States Infentry, Major G. R. Giddings. 



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THIRD DIVISION. 



Majoe-Genekai, carl SCHURZ, Permanent Commander. 

EmoADlEE GENERAL ALEXANDER SCHIMMELPFENN-IG Commaudmg OE July 1st. 

^";trLla*.-B.igaaier-Ge„era. A. von SCH^ 

tured) ; Colonel George Von Ap-K:«™o- *•'* £*-^„iS Ph lip P. BroNvn. Jr. ; 74th 
Lieut.-Colonc-l Adolphus Dobke- lo th New \ork co^^^^ Lieut -Colonel Von Mitzel 

S"SrSkiS'g^U^'Sil°r'? ?lsl'S:fo,*roKlSil' j'rMcGroa.t^ ; ma Illinois, 

="'ToLid''SS*.-ColoneI WA,,DtM.B KR.JANOWSK,^^^^^^ 

York, Captain Michael W'eJ™'j; "^f."" "ij"^ "runtS States, Lieuteimnt Bayard 
W,}ik^nk%rLSnS''K!B^aSrft^mhMe;v York, Lieutenant Williana 

Wheeler. 

TWELFTH CORPS. 
BRiGADiEE-GENEKAL ALPHEUS S. WILLIAMS Commanding. 

FIRST DIVISION. 
BRIGADIER-GENERAL THOMAS H. RUGER COMMANDING. 

ticut. Colonel \\arrenW racier f^^J^*^ ^^ LienK'olonelJames C. Rogers; 
S5°,lfSeWl?ork'roloSl^"nrt.i;l«hS^/ylv^ Colonel James L. Selfridget 
3fi Mjiryl-aad, Colonei J. M. fudsb^rg- „ Lockwood Commanding. 150th 

Ne/^^.^XSiri^^!^~/^t|^ H. B.), colonel William P. 
Maulsby ;ist Maryland (ES)Coip^^^^^^^^^ 

r/iirrfiJr/^ade.-Colonel SILAS CoLG^^^^ ^ Y^^j, Colonel 

Charles R. Mudge (killed), Lieut -Colonel Charle| i^^^^^^^^^^ Lieut:-Colonel 

3d WifcoS Lieut.-Colonel Martin Flood. 

SECOND DIVISION. 
BRIGADIER-GENERAL JOHN W. GEAHY COMMANDING. 



tain 



^m?Si^^S^C.^ ^iS-Say^r 66.K Ohio: CoWl C. candy, Lieut.- 

TOn°r Ca'^ptai.fFredlfifk L.'Gabel™mth Pennsylvania, Lieut-Colonel Thomas M. 
Walker, Lient.-Colonel Frank J Osgood ^^^^^^ Commanding. 60th New 




ammer- 
ew York, 



' lUnassigned during progress of battle; afterward attaehed to First Division as 
Second Brigade. 



-UOSA\Ba -M a9Tn»rw 



Colonel David Irplnnd ; 149th New York, Colonel Henry A. Barnum, Lieut. -Colonel 
Charles iJ. Randall. 

Artillerii Brigade.— Lienienajit Edavard D. Muhlenberg Commanding. Battery 
F, 4th United States, Lieutenant E. D. Mulilenberg, Lieutenant S. T. Rugg; Battery 
K, 5tli I'niteci States, Lieutenant I). 11. Kinsie; Battery M, 1st New York, Lieutenant 
Charles E. Winegar ; Knap's Pennsylvania Battery, Lieutenant Charles Atwell. 

Headquarter Guard. — Battalion 10th Maine. 



CAVALRY CORPS. 
Major-General ALFRED PLEASONTON Commanding. 

FIRST DIVISION. 
Brigadier-General JOHN BUFORD Commanding. 

First Brigade. — Colonel William Gamble Commanding. 8th New York, Colonel 
Benjamin F. Davis; 8th Illinois, Colonel William Gamble, Lieut.-Colonel D. R. Clen- 
clenin; two squadrons 12th Illinois, Colonel Amos Voss; three squadrons 3d Indiana, 
Colonel George H. Chapman. 

Second Brigade.— Colonel Thomas C. Devin Commanding. 6th New York, Colonel 
Thomas C. Devin, Lieut.-Colonel William H. Crocker ; 9th New York, Colonel William 
Sackett; 17th Pennsylvania, Colonel J. H. Kellogg; 3d Virginia (detachment). 

Reserve iirt>ide.— Brigadier-General Wesley Merritt Commanding. 1st United 
States, Captain R. S. C. Lord ; 2d United States, Captain T. F. Rodenbough ; 5th United 
States, Captain J. W. Ma.son ; 6th United States, Major S. H. Starr (wounded), Captain 
G. C. Cram; 6th Pennsylvania, Major James H. Hazeltine. 

SECOND DIVISION. 
, Brigadier-General D. McM. GREGG Commanding. 

«UubUL,ao...„.^, •----^S\::v\^^;in,7ERj3uARD-Company A, 1st Ohio.) 

First Brigade.— Colont'l J. B. MclNTO^HT^imriTu^t,^~i-l:St.New Jersej^ Major M. 
H. Beaumont; 1st Pennsylvania, Colonel John P. Taylor; 3d Pennsylvania, Lieuu- 
Colonel Edward S. Jones; 1st IMaryland, Lieut.-Colonel James M. Deems; 1st Massa- 
chusetts at Headquarters, Sixth CoVps. 

Second Brigade.'^— Colonel Pennock Huey Commanding. 2d New York, 4th New 
York, 8th Pennsylvania, 6th Ohio. 

Third Brigade.— Colonel J. I. Gregg Commanding. 1st Maine, Colonel Charles H. 
Smith ; 10th New York, Major W. A. Avery ; 4th Pennsylvania, Lieut.-Colonel W. E. 
Doster ; 16th Pennsylvania, Lieut.-Colonel John K. Robison. 

^\ THIRD DIVISION. 

^x ^ Brigadier-General JUDSON KILPATRICK Commanding. 
' -^ (Headquarter Guard— Company C, 1st Ohio.) 

First Brig^e.—{1) Brigadier-General E. J. Farnsworth ; (2) Colonel N. P. Rich- 
mond. 5th Ne^ York, Major John Hammond; ISth Pennsylvania, Lieut.-Colonel 
William P. BrintcXj; l^t Vermont, Colonel Edward D. Sawyer; 1st West Virginia, 
Colonel H. P. RichnivMid. 

Second i^rigfade.— l?Tigadier-General George A. Custer Commanding. 1st Michi- 
gan, Colonel Charles H. Town ; 5th Michigan, Colonel Russell A. Alger ; 6th Michigan, 
Colonel George Gray ; 7th Michigan, Colonel William D. Mann. 

HORSE ARTILLERY.a 
First Brigade.— CuTitiim John :M. Robertson Commanding. Batteries B and L, 
2d United States, Lieutenant Edward Heaton ; Battery M, 2d United States, Lieuten- 

1 Not engaged. 

2 A section of a battery attached to the Purnell Legion was with Gregg on the 3d. 



XV 

ant A. C. M. Pennington ; Battery E, 4th United States, Lieutenant S. S. Elder ; Gth 
New York, Lieutenant Joseph W. Martin; 9th Michigan, Captain J. J. Danieio, Bat- 
tery C, 3d United States, Lieutenant William D. Fuller. 

Second Brigade.— C&\>t-A\n John C. Tidball Commanding. Batteries G and E, 1st 
United States, Captain A. M. Randol : Battery K, 1st United States, Captain William 
M. Graham ; Battery A, 2d United States, Lieutenant John H. Calef; Battery C, 3d 
United. States. 



ARTILLERY RESERVE. 

(1) Beigadier-General R. O. TYLER (disabled). 

(2) Captain JOHN M. ROBERTSON. 

First Regular Brigade. — Captain D. R. Ransom Commanding (wounded). Battery 
H, 1st United States, Lieutenant C. P. Eakin (wounded) ; Batteries F and K, 3d United 
States, Lieutenant J. C. Turnbull; Battery C, 4th United States, Lieutenant Evan 
Thomas ; Battery C, 5th United States, Lieutenant G. V. Weir. 

First Volunteer Brigade.— 'L\Gnl.-Co\o\\el F. McGilvery Commanding. 15th New 
York, Captain Patrick Hart; Independent Battery Pennsylvania, Captain R. B. 
Ricketts ; 5th Massachusetts, Captain C. A. PhilUps ; 9th Massachusetts, Captain John 
Bigelow. 

Second Volunteer Brigade.— Captain E. D. Taft Commanding. Battery B, 1st Con- 
necticut;! Battery M, 1st Connecticut ; i 5th New York, Captain Elijah D. Taft; 2d 
Connecticut, Lieutenant John W. Sterling. 

Third Volunteer Brigade.— Captain James F. Huntington Commanding. Batteries 
F and G, 1st Pennsylvania, Captain R. B. Ricketts; Battery H, 1st Ohio, Captain 
James F. Huntington; Battery A, 1st New Hampshire, Captain F. M. Edgell; Battery 
C, 1st West Virginia, Captain Wallace Hill. 

Fourth Vohmteer Brigade. — Captain R. H. Fitzhugh Commanding. Battery B, 1st 
New York, Captain James McRorty (killed) ; Battery G, 1st New York, Captain Albert 
N. Ames; Battery K, 1st New York (11th Battery attached), Captain Robert H. Fitz- 
hugh ; Battery A, 1st Maryland, Captain James H. Rigby ; Battery A, 1st New Jersey, 
Lieutenant Augustin N. Parsons ; 6th Maine, Lieutenant Edwin B. Dow. 

Train Guard. — Major Charles Ewing Commanding. 4th New Jersey Infantry. 

Headquarter Guard. — Captain J. C. Fuller Commanding. Battery C, 32d Massa- 
chusetts. 



DETACHMENTS AT HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF THE 

POTOMAC. 

Command of the Provost Marshal-General.— BTigadieT-General M. R. Patrick Com- 
manding. 93d New York,i 8th United States, 1 1st Massachusetts Cavalry, 2d Pennsyl- 
vania Cavalry, Batteries E and I, Gth Pennsylvania Cavalry, Detachment Regular 
Cavalry, United States Engineer Battalion,^ Captain George H. Mendel, United States 
Engineers. 

Guards and Ordaiies.— Captain D. P, Mann Commanding. Independent Company 
Oneida Cavalry. 



1 Not engaged. 



Tickets to Gettysburg. 



f 



ICKETS to Gettysburg are to be had at all Stations of the 
Pennsylvania and other Railroads via Harrisburg Tickets 
must be read via Harrisburg or Carlisle to ensure the traveler 
quick time, comfortable cars, and satisfaction Tickets are sold 
from Harrisburg as follows: regular fare, one way, $1.60, ex- 
cursion, $2 50; Harrisburg to Gettysburg, and return, including 
guide to the battle-field and carriage, $300 — sold only in 
packages of five Special rates for large parties. 

All information concerning tickets and transportation can 
be had by addressing 

W H WOODWARD, 

SUPT G. &, H. R. R., 

Pine Grove Furnace, Cumberland Co , Pa, 



Guide to the battle-field. 

A S a guide to the battle-field is very necessary, the reader is 
'^ directed to MAJOR HOLTZWORTH, who is the best-posted 
man to be found, and a thoroughly affable pers^n^ . [i'"tf?dkes" 
the great ^[^ys^'lle uattle most absorbing, and tells it in such 
a way that the listener is not confused and is able to grasp the 
salient points of the conflict. Major Holtzworth can be found 
at the Eagle Hotel, Gettysburg 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



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